344 GliAl'E CULTURE AND ^YINE-iIAKING. 



Coloring Red Wine. 



From experiments made by Mr. Mulders there is in all natural 

 red wines but one body of coloring matter. Mr. Mulders has pro- 

 duced this substance of color in a pure state. Extracted with 

 spirits of wine, it will produce a red tincture. As different colors 

 in combination with different acids produce different colors, so is 

 it with the color in the husks of blue grapes. Free acid of vine- 

 gar, pyromalic acid, sulphuric acid, tartaric acid, give to the wine 

 a more light and liery red color. Burgundy, which contains the 

 least free acid, has a very dark color. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 



Fig. 1 represents an Imi:)rove(l Safety -Faucet. 1 is the body of 

 it without the stopper, seen from above ; 2 is the perpendicular, 

 cut by the line a h in fig. 1 ; 3 is the side view of the stopper ; 4, 

 the same seen from above. The pin d of this latter turns in a 

 circle-shaped furrow of the body, running concentric with the 

 openings. In 1 it appears visible by the dotted circle e e, but 

 clearer in e e of 2. The stopper can only be put into and taken 

 out from the body when the pin d is put in the direction of the 

 fold/ and pushed through this. If this pin stands beneath that 

 fold, the cock is open and the liquid flows out ; if it gets turned 

 off from the place /J it is locked. The perpendicular pin g serves 

 as a mark, which, in the first case, appears turned off from the cask; 

 in the latter, toward it. When the cock is fixed into the cask, the 

 pin in o can only be moved by the key 5, made of bone, hollow 

 at its end, and exteriorly triangular. In order to open the faucet 

 or to lock it, the key is put upon the pin h and the triangular hol- 

 low about it. The body of the faucet and the stopper are made 

 of wood ; the pins cZ, </, /z, of brass ; the ring, l\ of iron ; and the 

 mouth, represented in 1 and 2 by ??, ?i, are lined with cork. 



Fig. 2 shows the Safety-Cock of Christian, made of metal — I the 

 side view; II the cut; III the view from above. On the upper 

 end of the plate a is a tube-shaped piece h^ in which c is movable. 

 This piece c is pressed against the stopper e by the action of the 

 spring cZ, and fits into the screw/ which runs perfectly around to 

 a place i in IV, where it gets interrupted by a tooth-shaped part 

 of the metal. This tooth i leans against the piece e, and prevents 

 the turning. From the other side the stopper e is held fast by a 

 pin _/ in III, which leans against the end of a section I. This lat- 

 ter is so constructed that the stopper e can make the necessary 

 rotary motion if I don't hinder it. The end of e is a screw. In 

 order to open the cock, take the key /c, in II and VI, whose hoi- 



