APPENDIX A 



LIONEL'S NAME AND TITLE 



Whence did Lionel derive his name, and his title of Duke of 

 Clarence? Let us inquire into the name first, and then into the 

 title. 



As to the name Lionel, the following theories are suggested 

 by Sandford, p. 221 : 



This Lionel, named in Latin, Leonellus, Lionellus, and Leonatus, 

 which signifie, a Lioncel, or Diminutive Lion, had this Appellation 

 either from being the Off-spring of that Lion of England King Edward 

 the Third (alluding to the Royal Arms he bare) whose Third Son 

 he was, or to revive the British Name Llewellin, signif3nng Lion-like, 

 being the same with Leominus or Leontius. 



Here are two surmises: (i) Lionel means the son of Edward 

 the Royal Lion; (2) Lionel is adapted from the Welsh Llewellyn. 

 For the second of these there is nothing to be said. For the 

 first, it is evident enough that Lionel is derived from 'Yion,'^ but 

 there seems no sufficient ground for assuming that Edward III 

 was, in 1338, before the battles of Sluys, Crecy, and Poitiers, 

 known as the Lion,- in virtue of his personal prowess or the 

 success of his amis, and as little for supposing that he derived 

 this title from the animals on his shield, whether we call them 

 lions or leopards. 



These theories being rather unsatisfactory, let us ask ourselves 

 whether we are bound to assume that the name was improvised 

 for the occasion, or whether it already had a history. The 

 French romance of Lancelot, in its prose form dating from about 

 1200,^ has a hero, Lionel,* own cousin to Lancelot, the former 



'Four manuscripts (N, R, C, M) of Murimuth (p. 87) read Leonem for 

 Leonellum, as the name given to the prince at his birth, he is called Leo 

 in the Cal. Pat. Rolls for May 20, 1343, and Froissart (Kervyn 7. 246-7), 

 in his account of the journey to Milan, uniformly calls him Lion(s), 

 Lyon; cf. the Lyons of Agravain {Romans 5. 303), and the Lyon of the 

 Voeux du Heron (below, p. 120). 



'In the poems of Laurence Minot, Edward is more than once alluded 

 to under the figure of a boar, and in the prophecies of John of Bridling- 

 ton as a bull. See Political Poems and Songs, ed. Wright, Vol. i. 



^ Gaston Paris, Litt. Fr. au Moyen Age, 3d ed., p. 109 {Romans 4. 191, 

 assigns to it a date 12, 20, or 30 years earlier). An earlier form was in 



Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. XXI 8 1916 



