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records on those grades for ten or eleven years, and I want to show you a 

 few photographs. 



As the cows came to the Iowa experiment station they were in about in 

 this condition (exhibiting photograph), looking rather sad and dejected. 

 She had pep enough to go to the barn and get her feed, but that was about 

 all. Her first year's record was 131 pounds of butter fat. Here you have 

 the same cow three years later. You notice the great increase in her 

 development. This cow produced twice as much butter fat at the end of 

 her third year at the station. She was a mature cow when she reached the 

 station. 



Then pure bred sires of- the different breeds were used on these scrub 

 cows. No attempt was made to compare the different breeds of dairy cattle 

 in this connection and the records that are shown here should not be taken 

 as a comparison, because the daughters of the pure bred Guernsey bull are 

 not out of the same d'ams as the daughters of the pure bred Holstein bull; 

 excepting in a few instances, but not in enough cases to make a comparison. 

 And then we found so much variation between the pure bred sires of the 

 same breed in their ability to increase the production of their grade daugh- 

 ters over the scrub cows. We found one pure bred sire that did not materially 

 increase the production of his daughters over the scrubs and the next bull 

 of that same breed increased the production of the two year old daughters 

 over the same scrub dams as much as a hundred and thirty per cent in 

 butter fat. 



It is not a question of breed, it is a question of individual. Even 

 though we use bulls upon a grade herd we must consider that matter of 

 productive inheritance and the ability of the bulls to increase the production 

 of the animal. 



Here we have an old scrub cow, one of the better ones, and' therefore 

 her daughter does not show as large an improvement in the amount of 

 butter fat as in some of the other cases. She produced 233 pounds of butter 

 fat. That is better than the average cow in Iowa produces. But this cow 

 was just a calf when she came to the station and she was developed under 

 the same conditions as the pure bred dairy animals in that herd. She had 

 some advantage there over some of the other scrub cows. 



Here is a half-blood Jersey out of this same cow. This half-blood 

 Jersey as a two-year-old produced 325 pounds of butter fat. She also shows 

 great improvement in type. 



Going to the next generation, the second generation, or the three-quarter 

 blood heifer from the same scrub cow foundation, we have a record of 360 

 pounds of butter fat, thus the two-year-old heifer was producing enough 

 butter fat to qualify a mature cow for the register. 



Now as to the selection of the sires used. First of all let me say that 

 this increase in production was secured by using no better sires than the 

 average dairy farmer can afford to buy. The bulls we used on these scrub 

 cows and used in siring the three quarter-bloods were bulls that could have 

 been bought from around one hundred to two hundred and fifty dollars. We 

 may think a hundred dollars or a hundred and' fifty dollars a good price 

 for a pure bred bull calf, but when you stop to think about the possibilities 

 of the investment from the standpoint of the milk and butter fat you realize 

 it is money well invested. 



Here we have a Holstein bull which is now at the head of our herd. 

 Probably some of you have seen him, a first prize bull at Chicago as a two- 

 year-old, but the bulls that we were using at the beginning were not as good 

 bulls as these. We find that bulls of good type are necessary. We must 

 have a combination of type and production if we are going to put our dairy 

 cattle across in the best possible way. 



Here we have another one of the scrub cows. You notice the shallow 

 body and rather steery head, and the udder about the size of a goat's udder. 

 She produced 178 pounds of butter fat. 



Here we have her daughter that produced as a two-year-old 287 pounds 

 of butter fat, an increase of 90 per cent in milk and an increase of 84 per 

 cent in the amount of butter fat. 



