MKASrilKMKNTO i:\SGE. 



37 



Measurement*. All the measurements given AIT in 



ii iiieht-s ami hundredth*. Those of birds arc 

 average measurements, taken fr the imt purl fr<>tu 

 specimens in the AnuTn-an Mu-eum of Natural His- 

 tory. I have also, with the author's permission, made 

 uae of the excellent series of measurements in I>t 

 Mwrns's Birds of the Hud.n Highlands. A variation 

 of about ten per cent front the figures given mar be 

 expected. 



The total length (= L.) of a bird is found by gently 

 >!ivi,-hing the specimen, laying it on its back, and 

 measuring the distance from the end of its bill to the 

 tip of its longest tail-feather. The length of the wing 

 (= W.) is the distance from the "bend of the wing" to 

 tin- end of the longest primary. The length of the tail 

 (= T.) is the distance from the base, or insertion of the 

 middle feather, to the end of the longest feather. The 

 length of the tarsus (= Tar.) is the distance from the 

 base, or insertion of the toes, to the end of the tibia, or 

 what in reality is the heek The "tarsus" is therefore 

 the true foot of the bird, while the part to which this 

 name is generally applied consists only of the toes. 

 Tin- length of the bill (= B.), or "culmen," is the dis- 

 tance from the anterior base of the feathers on the 

 forehead to the tip of the upper mandible. With the 

 exception of total length these measurements are gen- 

 erally taken with a pair of dividers. 



/((//iV. The paragraphs under this heading have 

 prepared with social reference to the bird's dis- 

 tribution in eastern North America. They are sup- 

 plemented by a concise statement of the bird's manner 

 of occurrence and the tutual times of migration of the 

 nonresident sjM-cies at three or four localitier This 

 information is the IMM it is |>ossil>le to obtain, and has 

 not been previously published. Kit eh locality U treated 

 by a nvx'm/.ed authority on its bird-life from notes 

 based on observations extending over many years. 



The data from Washington. I). C., were supplied 1-y 

 Mr. C. W. Hichmond, of the Smithsonian Institution. 

 \->t only has Mr. Richmond given years to field work 

 in the District of Columbia, but he has had access to 

 the notes of the numeroi^ ornithologist* who hare 

 observed in the same region. 



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