VAX,. ZIT.] 



CCELENTERATA. 



167 



chemungensis, Vanuxem, 1842, Geo. Rep. 

 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 183, Chemung Gr. 



dawsoni, see Physospongia dawsoni. 

 VALVULINA, D'Orbigny, 1826, Tabl. Method, 

 d. 1. Classe d. Cephalopodes. [Ety. 

 valva, door; inus, implying resem- 

 blance.] Free or adherent, spirally tro- 

 choid, turbinoid, planoconvex or sub- 

 cylindrical, chambers spirally arranged, 

 sometimes terminating in a rectilinear 

 series. Aperture in the umbilical angle, 

 on the inferior surface, protected by a 

 valvular tongue. Type V. triangularis. 



bulloides, Brady, 1876, Monog. Garb, and 

 Perm. Foraminifera, p. 89, Carbonif- 

 erous. 



decurrens, Brady, 1873, Mem. Geo. Sur. 

 Scotland, pp. 63-95, Carboniferous. 



palseotrochus, Ehrenberg, 1854, (Textnla- 

 ria palseotrochus,) Mikrogeologie, Car- 

 boniferous. 



plicata, Brady, 1873, Mem. Geo. Sur., Scot- 

 land, pp. 66-95, Carboniferous. 



rudis, Brady, 1876, Monog.Carb. and Perm. 



Foraminifera, p. 90, Carboniferous. 

 ZITTELELLA, Ulrich & Everett, (in press,) 

 Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 267. [Ety. 

 proper name.] Pedunculate, attached, 

 variable in shape ; upper surface with a 

 shallow, central depression, with thin 

 walled, vertical tubes extending to the 

 base ; radiating, i nosculating canals, 

 separated by spicular tissue, giving the 

 appearance of vertical fissures. Type 

 Z. typicalis. Ulrich & Everett refer 

 Palseospongia trentonensis to this genus, 

 so probably this genus is a synonym for 

 Palseospongia. 



inosculata, Ulrich & Everett, (in press,) 

 Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 271, Trenton Gr. 



lobata, Ulrich & Everett, (in press,) Geo. 

 Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 270, Trenton Gr. 



typicalis, Ulrich & Everett, (in press,) 

 Geo. Sur. 111., vol. 8, p. 268, Trenton Gr. 

 They have also made the varieties pistil- 

 liformis, subrotunda, and turbinata. 



SUBKINGDOM CCELENTERATA. 



THE Ccelenterata (kottos, hollow ; entera, intestines) are divided into three 

 Classes : viz. , Anthozoa, Hydrozoa, and Ctenophora ; the first two of which include 

 the palaeozoic fossils of this Subkingdom. The Anthozoa (anthos, flower ; zoon, 

 animal) are more generally known by the name Polypi (polys, many; pous, foot). 

 They are all aquatic, usually cylindrical, organized for sedentary life, have no 

 locomotive organs, and are provided with a circle of retractile tentaculse around the 

 mouth, which is destitute of any masticating apparatus, and they have a central 

 gastric cavity. There are no special organs of sense, and they increase by bud- 

 ding, dividing, and by means of ova. 



The skeleton which the polyps secrete is technically called the corallum. The 

 secretions take place at the sides and lower part of the polyp, but not in the 

 disk or stomach. Each septum is secreted between a pair of radiating, fleshy parti- 

 tions or septa of the polyp, and hence the radiate structure of ordinary corals is 

 an expression of the internal radiate structure of the polyp. The corallum is es- 

 sentially a skeleton of carbonate of lime, the open spaces in which show the structure 

 of the polyp animal. The bottom of the calyx, or calycle, in the corallum may be 

 made by the meeting of the septa, or by the twisting of them together, with the 

 addition of a point or columella at the center ; or the bottom may be a porous or 

 vesicular mass ; or it may be solid, because the coral secretions of the polyp may 

 fill up the pores, or because there are formed periodically, as the polyp grows up- 

 ward, solid horizontal plates across the bottom, called tabulae. 



Wherever a tabula cuts off the connection of the polyp with the coral below, 

 the tissues below the tabula dry and wither, and we have^ dead coral below the 



