U.S. Department of the Interior 



Gale A. Norton, Secretary 



U.S. Geological Survey 



Charles G. Groat, Director 



Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publica- 

 tion is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

 endorsement by the U.S. Government. 



U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2001 

 For additional copies please contact: 



USGS Information Services 

 Box 25286 

 Denver, CO 80225 



This report and any updates to it are available at 

 http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/circular/c1198/ 



Additional USGS publications can be found at 

 ht1p://geology.usgs.gov/products.html 



For more information about the USGS and its products: 



Telephone: 1-800-ASK-USGS (1-888-275-8747) 

 World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov 



ISBN 0-607-95030-7 



Published in the Western Region, Menlo Park, California 

 Manuscript approved for publication June 18, 2000 



Production and design by Sara Boore and Susan Mayfield 



Text and illustrations edited by Peter H. Stauffer, 

 James W. Hendley II, and George A. Havach 



CD-ROM prepared by Michael F. Diggles 



Cooperating Organizations 



Bodega Marine Laboratory (University of 

 California at Davis) 



British Geological Survey 



California Department of Health Services 



Environmental Protection Agency 



Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, 

 Groningen, The Netherlands 



National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

 Administration 



Gulf Of The Farallones National 



Marine Sanctuary 



Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary 

 National Marine Fisheries Service 



National Park Service 

 Point Reyes Bird Observatory 

 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

 U.S. Geological Survey 

 U.S. Navy 



Contributors 



Bodega Marine Laboratory (University of 

 California at Davis) 



Stephen R. Wing 



British Geological Survey 



David G. Jones 

 Philip D. Roberts 



California Department of Health Services 



Gregg W. Langlois 

 Patricia Smith 



Environmental Protection Agency 



Allan Ota 



Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, 

 Groningen, The Netherlands 



Johannes Limburg 



National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

 Administration 



Gulf of the Farallones National 



Marine Sanctuary 



Jan Roletto 



Edward Ueber 

 Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary 



Dan Howard 

 National Marine Fisheries Service 



Peter Adams 



Tom Laidig 



National Park Service 



Scot Anderson 



Point Reyes Bird Observatory 



Scot Anderson 

 Peter Pyle 



U.S. Geological Survey 



John L Chin 

 Walter E. Dean 

 James V. Gardner 

 Russell W. Graymer 

 James W. Hendley II 

 Herman A. Karl 

 Kaye Kinoshita 

 Marlene A. Noble 

 Stephanie L. Ross 

 Holly F. Ryan 

 William C.Schwab 

 Peter H. Stauffer 

 Florence L Wong 



