38 PROTECTION OF WOODLANDS. 



liable to be thrown or broken are grown along with other species 

 less apt to suffer, as, for example, the growth of Conifers along 

 with the Beech, or of Spruce along with Silver Fir and Scots Pine. 

 In particularly exposed localities the growth of species very liable 

 to danger should be avoided to as great an extent as possible. 



Artificial Reproduction, and in the case of the Spruce, clearance 

 of the annual fall in long, narrow strips, with subsequent artificial 

 reproduction, in preference to natural regeneration, as the necessary 

 thinnings and partial clearances both before and after the seed 

 year would particularly expose the parent standards to danger. 



The maintenance of a good protective belt or outer fringe of 

 hardy, weather-beaten trees, long accustomed to the violence of 

 storms, until the natural reproduction of the crop sheltered by 

 it has been completed; or, if necessary, the formation of such 

 a belt for the protection of young crops of species liable to suffer. 



Prudence in regard to the Eetention of Standards, only such being 

 selected as are of species well capable of resisting the action of 

 wind, and only stems of sturdy growth, and with well-developed 

 root-systems. In very exposed localities, or on indifferently pro- 

 tected areas with light or moist soil, the idea of retaining standards 

 should be given up, in order to avoid the damage that may subse- 

 quently ensue to the younger crops, should the standards become 

 windfall. 



Thinnings that are early begun, and repeated whenever ni 

 sary, exert a beneficial influence by promoting sturdiness of growl 

 and a good development of the root-system. A careful maintt 

 ance of dose canopy should be the rule ; all felling operations th{ 

 are likely to interrupt it, and form blanks or holes in it, should 

 avoided, especially in the case of the evergreen conifers m< 

 exposed to danger. 



Particular influences are also exerted by the proper location 

 the annual falls, and a judicious succession of the annual crc 

 which should receive very careful attention at the time of arrang- 

 ing the Working Plan that is to form the basis of management 



1 Denzon, in 1880, recommended for forests on the plain, whose compartments 

 marked off by regular rides or paths crossing each other at right angles, that 

 ajx-x of the angle, and not, as hitherto had been the rule, the long side of the c< 

 I>artment, should be turned towards the west, so that the rides or divisions betwt 

 the annual compartments should run from north-east to south-west and from nc 

 west to south-east, in place of from east to west and south to north ; in the former 

 only two sides of the compartment, those towards the west are endangered, and tl 



