DAMAGE CAUSED BY AERIAL CURRENTS. 41 



tailed in regard to damage done by accumulations of snow (see par. 

 19). In the case of storms, however, there is this more favourable 

 circumstance, that the windfall timber is generally older, of larger 

 dimensions, and therefore easier to prepare for sale, and more likely 

 to fetch a fair market price, than in the case of damage done by 

 snow, when young crops and pole forests are chiefly injured. 



But it must be particularly mentioned that in preparing the 

 windfall timber for sale, attention should first of all be paid to the 

 speedy removal of the parent standards which have been thrown on 

 areas undergrowing natural reproduction, as they are often blown 

 down in large numbers, and are very apt to kill any young seedling 

 crop on the ground, if they are left lying for any length of time. If 

 the quantity of timber thrown is so large as to forbid its immediate 

 clearance, the windfall trees should at any rate be immediately 

 topped, the branches and brushwood being removed to the roads 

 and rides, and piled along the edges of the compartments. 

 Similar remarks also apply in the case of standards that have been 

 retained to grow in girth for another period of rotation, along 

 with the younger crop forming the underwood. Where the trees 

 thrown have been torn out of the ground with huge masses of 

 earth attached to the roots, efforts should be made to kip or tilt 

 these back into their former position after sawing through the 

 stems, especially when numerous seedlings are noticeable in the 

 soil thus lifted up, as the latter can easily be saved by this means. 



The greatest attention is here also necessary in respect to in- 

 jurious insects, the danger from which can best be obviated by 

 working up the windfall timber as fast as possible, by removing 

 the bark from all the coniferous stems thrown, by grubbing up 

 the stumps, &c. 



26. Evil effects of Winds ; Preventive Measures. 



It is not only the more violent storms that can do damage to 

 forests, for continuous winds blowing always from about the same 

 direction, though less violent in character, can also have a dis- 

 tinctly injurious effect on the well-being of woodland crops. 

 Among such effects may be first of all noted the blowing away of 

 the dead foliage near the edges of woods and of their compartments, 

 and from exposed knolls and ridges ; this hinders the formation of 

 humus or vegetable mould, and dries up, hardens, and exhausts the 



