74 PROTECTION OF WOODLANDS. 



Preventive measures include the careful removal of all infected 

 plants from the seed-beds as long as the disease is only of 

 sporadic character, and avoidance of the use of the same place 

 again as a seedling uursery ; l but for the schooling of trans- 

 plants it can quite well be utilised, as the disease only attacks 

 germinating seedlings. 



The Spruce Rust or Blight (Chrysomyxa, Abietis) occurs on the 

 young needles of Spruce, partially colouring them an intense yellow, 

 while the part not infected remains normally green. Up till Autumn 

 golden yellow puffed up pustules develop, which in the following 

 spring burst and scatter their sporidia over the new flush of needles. 

 After the emptying of the fungous pustules the needles fall off, 

 but any thing like serious injury to the tree is only occasioned 

 when the disease has continued annually for some length of time. 

 Special measures for counteracting the effects of blight are there- 

 fore not really necessary, but could in any case hardly be applied. 



Similar appearances of rust or blight also exhibit themselves 

 on the needles of the Larch (Caeoma laricis), and of the Silver 

 Fir (Caeoma Abietis pectinatatg), and also on the leaves of. the 

 Willow (Melampsora salicina). The scab or scurf on needles 

 of the Silver Fir (Hysterium nervisequium), and of the Spruce 

 (Hysterium macrosporum), cause a browning and dying off' of 

 the whole needles, which are then very soon defoliated. 



The scab or scurf on the needles of the Pine (Hysterium pinastri) 

 is a very common appearance, which not only makes itself notice- 

 able everywhere during the natural death of the needles, but also 

 extends by infection to sound, healthy foliage, and forms one of 

 the causes of leaf-shedding. This phenomenon has already been 

 noticed in treating of the diseases of trees, and other causes besides 

 this fungus have also been mentioned as occasioning it ; hence to 

 avoid repetition a reference need here only be made to the paragraph 

 in question (par. 35). 



2. Fungi on the Roots. 



The Root-fungus (Trametes radiciperda) is the most dangerous 

 enemy of coniferous woods, occasioning red-rot and consequent 



1 Watering of the seed-beds with a solution of 4^ Ibs. of copper vitriol (blue-stone) 

 and 1 quart of ammonia in 60 gallons of water, has been recommended as yielding 

 good results. 



