82 PROTECTION OF WOODLANDS. 



grass in young plantations, and where the wallowing of swine in 

 search of pannage contributes to the annihilation of destructive 

 insects. 



The struggle against such animals is often very ineffective, and 

 experience has shown that the smaller these are, the more difficult 

 is their extermination, as the means which can be successfully 

 adopted against the larger animals are inadequate for adoption 

 against insects, swarming often in millions. 



For the purpose of considering their sylvicultural importance 

 it will be sufficient to subdivide the injurious animals into three 

 groups, as follows : 



A. Mammals (Mammalia). 



B. Birds (Aves). 



C. Insects (Insecta). 



A. MAMMALS (Mammalia). 

 43. Classification and Enumeration of Injurious Mammals. 



The Mammals that are in the habit of doing a certain amount 

 of injury to our woodlands, but which may extend to very great 

 damage indeed, may be subdivided into three classes, viz. : 



a. The Domestic Animals: Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Goats, and 



Swine, which are turned out into the woods to graze on 

 the grass and weeds, and the mast and fruits of the 

 trees. 



b. The Animals of the Chase : Eed-deer, Eallow-deer, Koe-deer, 



Wild-Boar, Hares and Eabbits. 



c. The smaller Eodentia living in woodlands, Mice, Voles, and 



Squirrels. 



This classification has an additional advantage, in so far as 

 human action in combating these enemies varies essentially in the 

 case of each of the three groups. Thus damage from domestic 

 animals can be entirely obviated either by closing the woods to 

 them, or by only permitting their grazing under proper supervision, 

 and under certain prudential conditions ; injury by animals of the 

 chase can easily be minimised at any time by reducing the head 

 of game to the number desirable ; combating the attacks of the 

 animals belonging to the third group, the Mice and Voles in 



