DAMAGE CAUSED BY ANIMALS. 137 



wings extending beyond the termination of the abdo- 

 men. They chiefly occur in conifers and then always 

 bore in the bark or but slightly into the sapwood, but 

 never live in the wood or timber. 



3. Sapwood-bectles (Scolytini), with obliquely shortened abdomen. 

 They chiefly occur on broad-leaved species, and are of but 

 slight sylvicultural importance. 



(a.) TRUE BARK-BEETLES (Bostrichini). 



65. The S-toothed Spruce Bark-beetle, Bostrichus (Tomicus) 

 typographies. 



(Vide Plate I. figs. 5 and 15.) 



This beetle varies from 016 to 0'24 inches in length,is cylindrical 

 in form, black in colour, with brownish -yellow hairs attached to 

 the thorax and elytra, and with reddish-yellow feelers and legs. 



! The elytra or outer pair of wings have deep longitudinal notched 



| stripes, and at the obliquely truncated termination there are four 

 equidistant tooth-like projections on each side (whence the name 



I 8-toothed). Next to B. stenographies it is the largest of the 

 bark-beetles, but although fortunately apparently unknown in the 

 extensive coniferous forests of Scotland, 1 it is about the most 



: widely distributed, and at the same time the most injurious, of the 

 true bark-beetles on the continent, having at various times 

 occasioned enormous destruction throughout the Spruce forests of 

 Germany. 2 



It is comparatively late in swarming, making its exit usually 

 during the second half of April, or the beginning of May, or even 

 towards the end of May in the mountainous tracts, where it finds 

 its true natural home. It swarms for the most part on warm, 

 sunny afternoons, and soon proceeds to attack first of all recently 



1 Vide footnote at page 90. Trans. 



2 Hess, op. tit., vol. i. p. 284, states that in the Bbhmerwald between Austria and 

 Bavaria, during 1872-1874, the devastation caused by Bostrichus typographies (princi- 

 pally) together with B. chakographus, B. pityographus, B. autographus, Hylesinus 

 pattiatus and others, necessitated the clearance of 130,753,800 cubic feet of timber 

 from 22,500 acres, besides, at the same time, causing the felling of 25,200,000 cubic 

 feet of timber in the Bayerischer Wald. The beetles were present in such enormous 

 swarms as to obscure the sunlight. In one forest alone in the latter locality 1000 

 woodmen were employed in felling and barking the trees. Trans. 



Thanks to our mixed forests, such calamities are impossible, even on a very much 

 smaller scale proportionate to the lesser area (approx. T^th) of our woodlands. Trans. 



