210 PROTECTION OF WOODLANDS. 



The Northern Winter Moth, or Northern Winter Span-worm, 

 Geometra (Cheimatobia) loreata, is a closely-allied species, which 

 is principally to be found on Beech amongst the trees of woodland 

 growth. 1 The caterpillar closely resembles that of the former 

 species, but is only about 0*64 inches in length, and can easily be 

 distinguished by its having a black head. In addition to 

 destroying the leaves and buds, it often does a very considerable 

 amount of damage . to young seedling growth of Beech ; but, on 

 the whole, this insect is principally to be found on the Birch, 

 though damage done by it is often credited to G. Irumata. 



Preventive measures against these two species are only practi- 

 cally applicable in orchards. There rings of patent tar can either 

 be formed round the stems, or else strips of stiff paper can be 

 smeared with the tar and tied firmly round the stems, so as to 

 prevent the wingless female from crawling up into the crowns of 

 the trees. Delving and overturning the soil can also be carried 

 out in orchards, so as to destroy the chrysalides by burying them 

 deeper in the ground. 



The large Winter Moth, or large Winter Span-worm, Geometra 

 (Hibernia) defoliaria? a large species of Span-worm, has a some- 

 what similar life-history, and inflicts similar injuries, but seldom 

 occurs in such large numbers as the above-named other two 

 species sometimes do. 



C. LEAF-ROLLERS (Tortriddse). 



103. The Green Oak-Tortrix or Oak Leaf -roller, Tortrix 



This little moth, whose wings when extended have at most 

 span of only 0*88 inches, has upper wings of a beautiful brij 



1 It is somewhat smaller in size, the male having a span of 1'4 inches, the 

 wings being whitish-grey, with a brownish-yellow lustre, and the hind wings whitish ' 

 as in O. brumata the female has only rudimentary wings, but in this case they are | 

 even smaller than in the former. Trans. 



2 The male has a span of 1'6 to 1*9 inches ; the upper wings are yellow, and dusted 

 with rusty brown, with a brown root or base, and a broad zigzag brown transverse 

 band ; the lower wings are bright yellow, with a sprinkling of brown, and one dark 

 spot. The female is wingless and very long-legged, and yellow in colour, with black 

 spots. The 10-legged caterpillar is 1'32 inches long, and of a reddish-brown colour, ' 

 with a long double back-stripe, and yellow, brownish-red spotted side lines. Though 

 feeding principally on fruit-trees (especially on those with stony-fruit), they are also ' 

 comparatively frequent on Oaks. (Hess, op. cit. vol. ii. 80.) Trans. 



