212 PROTECTION OF WOODLANDS. 



rudimentary wings ; the caterpillar is ashy grey, with yellowish hairs, velvety black 

 back, and carmine warts, with two long black tufts of hair behind its head, other two 

 standing out at right angles to the sides on the 5th section, and one standing upright 

 on the llth ring. It swarms in August and September, and lays 150 to 300 eggs on 

 the nest from which it has emerged. The larvae occasionally appear in autumn, but 

 mostly not until spring. Properly speaking, its ravages are confined to the buds, 

 foliage, and young fruit of fruit-trees ; but it is also found on Saugh, Mountain Ash, 

 Spruce, and Scots Pine. It enters the chrysalis stage in June or July, which lasts 

 for about six weeks. 



The Satin-moth, Bombyx (Liparis, Leucoma) salicis, has a span of 2 to 2 '4 inches, the 

 wings being white and satin-like, and the legs ringed with black and white. The 

 caterpillar is 1 '8 inches long, greyish in colour, with yellowish-white spots on the 

 back, small red warts, and light brown hairs. The female deposits 150 to 200 ova in 

 June and July on the bark or leaves of Poplars and "Willows, and then covers them 

 up with a white membrane. The caterpillars sometimes appear in autumn, but 

 mostly not until the following spring, when they feed on the foliage till entering the 

 pupal state about the end of May. The chrysalis may be found loosely attached to 

 leaves or twigs. 



The Gold- Tail moth, Bombyx (Liparis, Porthesia) auriflua, lives principally on 

 fruit-trees, but also on Oak, Beech, Elm, Birch, Lime, and Willows, and on many 

 shrubs. It has a span of 1 '4 to 1 '8 inches. It much resembles Porthesia chrysorrhoia, 

 but its body is of a lighter, almost golden colour, and the inside edge of the wings 

 has a longer fringe. The caterpillar is black, with blackish-grey hairs, two vermillion 

 lines along the back, and patches of snow-white hairs. The chrysalis is of a blackish- 

 brown colour, and enclosed in a thin whitish-brown cocoon. During June and July 

 it lays 150 to 200 eggs in clusters on foliage, and covers them up with golden-yellow 

 wool from the abdomen. The caterpillars appear in August, and feed on leaves, 

 buds, flowers, and young fruit, hibernate on the ground or in fissures of the bark 

 near the ground, and recommence feeding in the following spring till they become 

 chrysalides, about the end of May or in June, on rolled-up leaves or on twigs. The 

 use of patent tar in early spring seems recommendable. 



B. Butterflies (Papilionidse). 



Among Butterflies proper (Papilionidse), which swarm in the day-time, the only 

 species of anything like sylvicultural importance is the large Tortoises-hell Butterfly, 

 Vanessa poly chloros, with a span of 2*2 to 2*6 inches. It is of a yellowish-red in the 

 upper part, and dark brown towards the edges ; the upper wings are spotted with 

 black, three spots being on the yellow ground ; the lower wings have a large black 

 spot on the upper edge, and a blue moon-spot near the fringe. The greyish-blue 

 caterpillar is 1*8 inches long, with yellow stripes along the back and sides, and rusty 

 yellow prickles. The chrysalis is angular, reddish-grey, and with several spots having 

 a mother-of-pearl lustre. The female, after hibernating, lays her blackish -grey eggs 

 in clusters during spring on the twigs of fruit-trees, but also on Elm, Willow, and 

 Aspen. The caterpillars, which appear in May and June, live in colonies in nests, and 

 feed on the foliage till the end of June, when they scatter to become chrysalides. 



C. Clearwing-moths (Sesiidx). 



Of the family of Clearwing-moths (Sesiidee), Sesia apiformis does a good deal of 

 damage in the wood of young Poplars, especially Black Poplar and Aspen. The 

 moths swarm in June and July, when the ova are deposited in the fissures of the 

 bark near the base. The caterpillars appear in July and August, bore into the 





