234 SOME SPECIFIC 'ADVICE 



versal notion. In fact, they very rarely, if ever, 

 arise as an outgrowth of the callus tissue. From 

 an apple tree two years old, one side of the root 

 was shaved. The tree was planted, and after 

 growing two years, was taken up and photo- 

 graphed (Fig. 154) . The callus had formed on 

 both sides of the wound, but no roots had started 

 from it. 



The new roots usually arise from firm, strong 

 roots the size of a lead pencil or larger; but they 

 may also arise from the hair -like roots which are 

 on the tree when it is transplanted, although the 

 common opinion is to the contrary. The place 

 from which the new roots arise is largely deter- 

 mined by the habit of the individual plant. In 

 some cases, all the roots will spring from the main 

 shaft or trunk, and in others they seem to arise 

 almost indiscriminately from the trunk, large 

 roots and very fine roots. The figures, carefully 

 drawn, from actual examples of apple trees, illus- 

 trate the point. The root shown in Fig. 155 was 

 trimmed of all its fine roots when transplanted. 

 It is seen that the new roots start from various 

 parts of the root system. The -root in Fig. 156 

 had some small, but not very fine, roots left. The 

 new roots are starting from near the ends of these 

 roots, large and small alike. (See also Fig. 161.) 

 In none of these cases do the roots start from the 

 calluses. The common notion that roots will start 

 directly downward if the old roots are cut diago- 



