EVOLUTION OF GRAPE TRAINING 393 



the public, a iid became an accepted practice. The 

 fundamental principles of pruning are alike for 

 both European and American grapes, but the de- 

 tails of pruning and training must be greatly 

 modified for different species. We must under- 

 stand at the outset that American species of 

 grapes demand an American system of treatment. 



The earliest American pictures of grape training 

 of which I know are those in S. W. Johnson's 

 "Rural Economy," published at New Brunswick, 

 New Jersey, in 1806. These pictures are here re- 

 produced full size (Figs. 254, 255). The successive 

 figures illustrate the events in the pruning. Fig. 1 

 shows the growth of the first year and Fig. 2 the 

 first pruning. Fig. 3, the second year's growth, 

 is pruned to the condition shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 6 

 shows the training, the bearing canes being sup- 

 ported on the main stake and the growing or re- 

 newal canes on intermediate stakes. Figs. 7-12 

 show the system of renewal. To one familiar 

 with grape training, these various pictures sug- 

 gest European patterns. 



John Adluin, of the District of Columbia, ap- 

 pears to have been the first person to systemati- 

 cally undertake the cultivation and amelioration 

 of the native grapes. His method of training, as 

 dcsci-ib-d in 1823, is as follows: One shoot is 

 allowed to grow the first year, and this is cut 

 l>ack to two buds the first fall. The second year 

 two shoots are allowed to grow, and they are tied 



