2 PKELIMINARY DEFINITIONS. 



6. The term BUSH includes untlershrubs and every degraded 

 condition of shrubs and trees, in which the plants consist of 

 numerous low spreading branches or fork out into a number of thin 

 stems, such as deodar, various species of Zizyphus, oaks, &c., when 

 kept down and mutilated by fires, grazing, constant lopping, &c. 



I. The word SHRUB denotes a collection of bushes, shrubs, and 

 dwarfed trees. 



8. Under the collective name of BRUSHWOOD we include all 

 inferior shrubs, undershrubs, and other bush-like growth, such as 

 Mimosa rubicaulis, Indigo/eras, Blumea, Buddleia, honeysuck- 

 les, Viburnums, degraded forms of Zizyphus, &c. 



The term brushivood is also often used to denote the twigs and 

 smaller branches and stems of felled trees, shrubs and under- 

 shrubs. To avoid ambiguity, such small stuff may be called faggot 

 or fascine wood. 



9. The term HERBAGE includes all the growth in a forest which 

 is not, or can never become, woody. 



10. Plants which, from not being sufficiently rigid, cannot rise 

 to any height above the ground without the support of some ex- 

 traneous object, such as a tree, shrubs, post, &c., are called CLIMBERS, 

 e.g., Bauhinia Vahlii, Spatholobus Roxburghii, Millettia auri- 

 culata, Celastrus paniculata, Butea superba, the cane palms, &c. 



II. The portion of the stem of a tree under its branches is 

 called its BOLE, and the mass of branches with their branchlets 

 and leaves, i.e , tbe whole of the tree above the bole, is termed its 



CROWN. 



12. The aerial stems of bamboos are called CULMS, the under- 

 ground portion being the RHIZOME. 



13, That portion of the stem which is left in the ground after 

 a tree, whatever its age, has been fulled by its base, is called a 

 STOOL. In popular language the word STUMP, besides including 

 stool?, also denotes the entire remaining portion of the bole of a 

 tree that has been cut or broken off high above the ground. 



14. The term EPICORM is used to denote the twigs and branch- 

 lets that develop on the boles of trees. 



15, Dicotyledons, as distinguished from the Conifers, which 

 usually bear needles, may be termed BROAD-LEAVED species. 



