PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS. 3 



Two unimportant coniferous genera, Dammara and Podocarpus, have more or 

 broad leaves, while some dicotyledons, like Casuarina, Capparit aphylla, &c., produce 

 no leaves at all, or, like the tamarisks, possess only scale-like or inconspicuous leaves- 



16. HAKD-WOODED trees, or simply HARDWOODS, comprise in a 

 general manner all trees with tough and heavy wood, as, for exam- 

 ple, sal, teak, the Terminalias, &c. Similarly the terms SOFT- 

 WOODED trees or SOFTWOODS include all trees, the wood of which is 

 more or less soft or spongy, such as Bombax malabaricum, the 

 Sterculias, the horse radish-tree, &c. 



17. EVERGREEN trees are those, the leaves of which persist for 

 at least one year, while those, the leaves of which persist for a 

 shorter time, sre termed DECIDUOUS. Evergreen trees, since they 

 bring out a new flush of leaves before the old one is shed, are 

 hence never leafless, e. g. deodar, pines and firs, mango, &c.; 

 whereas deciduous trees may either be leafless during a part of 

 the year, as teak Terminalia tomentosa, Adina cordifolia, or be 

 never quite bare owing to the new leaves coming out while the old 

 ones are being shed, as sal, Schleichera trijuga, babul, &c. generally, 

 and sissu, Hardwickia binata, &c. frequently. Some species may 

 be evergreen in one locality and deciduous elsewhere, and vice 

 versa according to the humidity of the climate and moisture in 

 the soil, e.g. Quercus incana, Pinus long if alia, &c. 



18. A shoot springing up from a stool is termed a STOOL-SHOOT. 



19. A ROOT SUCKER, or more simply SUCKER, is an aerial shoot 

 given out from a root. 



20. A young plant, which results directly from the germination 

 of a seed, until it begins to lose its lower branches, is called a 



SEEDLING. 



In this book the term seedling will often be prefixed as a qualifying word to the 

 words sapling, pole and tree (for the meaning of which terms see Definition 21 23) 

 to denote that the sapling, pole or tree in question has sprung up directly from seed. 



By a further limitation the expression seedling -shoot will be synonymous with a 

 stool-shoot springing up from the base of a seedling that has been cut back either 

 aitificially, or by fire, frost, or any other natural cause. 



21. From the time that any young woody plant begins to lose 

 its lower branches until it has attained a girth of 12 inches more 

 or less, it is called a SAPLING. 



22. Thenceforward, until it reaches its full length of bole, it is 

 designated by the general term of POLE. For the sake of further 

 subdivision, poles are termed SMALL or LARGE, according as they 

 are under or over two feet in girth. 



