10 PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS. 



Dormant buds consist of a woody stalk, which runs radially between the woody 

 fibres of the axis that bears them, and of a herbaceous portion, the true bud itself, 

 which in young shoots without a rhytidome protrudes beyond the bark, but in older 

 shoots is generally concealed immediately under the rhytidome or the outer layers of 

 the living bark, whence the synonymy of latent. These buds remain alive as long as 

 their stalk is able to elongate and keep pace with the continually advancing concen- 

 tric woody layers of the axis bearing them ; but sometimes the herbaceous portion 

 continues alive even after the stalk has ceased growing, being able to draw nourish- 

 ment from the living bark in which they are embedded. Dormant buds not unfre- 

 quently multiply, often to a very great extent, by division of the growing point. 



66. ADVENTITIOUS $UDS are those buds which take their rise 

 at any place other than the axils of the leaves, and independently 

 of the buds (termed NORMAL J which develop at those points. 



Adventitious buds may be produced from the margins of leaves, as in Bryophyllum, 

 or on a cut or broken section of any of the larger veins of the leaves, as in Begonia 

 and Gesnera ; but leaving out of consideration all such exceptional cases, which more- 

 over do not concern the purposes of this book, adventitious buds may be said always 

 to be produced by the cambium covering woody tissue. 



Above ground they form only on wounds on the callus or swelling prodi ced by the 

 cambium, and, being there under the full influence of light, they can became dor- 

 mant only under exceptional circumstances, such as extremely rapid development of 

 the bark, great vitality of the cambium, very numerous neighbouring buds, &c. 

 Below ground wounds are not at all necessary for the formation of these buds, al- 

 though they still continue to be an exciting cause. Adventitious buds on roots 

 are the sole origin of suckers, and are produced most abundantly on or near swellings-, 

 which prove the greater activity of the cambium there. Yearling seedlings of most 

 of our broad-leaved trees and shrubs outside the higher regions of the Himalayas 

 produce at the base of the stem, or immediately below it on the taproot, adventitous 

 buds which we may for convenient reference term COLLUM BUDS. It is these collum> 

 buds which enable young seedlings to throw up new and generally stronger shoots as 

 often as the portion above ground dies down or is cut back by fire, frost, &c. The 

 habit of producing collum buds is no doubt a consequence of the severely adverse 

 circumstances through which every seedling has to pass in most parts of India : none 

 but those species which have been able to produce such buds have been able to sur- 

 vive. To this habit must be attributed the peculiarity exhibited by the majority of 

 our trees of dying down year after year only to shoot up again at the beginning of the 

 next season of vegetation, until finally the roots have taken so firm a hold of the soil 

 that the shoot produced is strong enough to live through the long and trying inter- 

 vening period until the next outburst of vegetation. 



No conifer produces adventitious buds below ground, and amongst our Indian 

 species the silver fir alone perhaps produces them very occasionally above ground. 

 Even amongst our broad-leaved species only a limited number develop them on the 

 roots and above ground, but, as already said, the majority of them below the region 

 of the oaks form collum buds. 



<;7. ACCESSORY BUDS are those buds which in many species form 

 close to the base of the regular axillary (normal) buds. 



68. MAJOR forest produce comprises all timber and wood, in- 

 clusive of bamboos, while the term MINOR forest produce includes 

 all other products obtained from a forest. Major produce is termed 

 PRINCIPAL or INTERMEDIATE according as it is obtained from fellings 

 made for regeneration or from fellings made for other purposes, 



