112 COMPOSITION OP FOUEST CHOPS. 



merly, and in many places still, despised Pinus longifolia is now 

 exported in large quantities from the hills into the Punjab plains 

 and passed off as deodar on people who judge things by their 

 names. In some parts of the Central Provinces, Ougeima dalber- 

 gioides poles command higher prices than teak of similar size. In 

 the vicinity of spinning factories Zizyphus Jujuba, which formerly 

 served chiefly for fuel and fencing, is now in great demand for 

 cotton-mill spindles. Such instances may be indefinitely multi- 

 plied. We have in India unlimited resources for cabinet-making, 

 for the manufacture of matches and paper, and for numerous other 

 wood-using industries. Enterprise and time will soon show us how 

 to employ them. 



VI. A mixture of species tends to increase the production of 

 minor produce, such as seeds, fodder, /lowers, bark, leaves and fruit 

 for tanning and dyeing, fyc. As a rule, it is the young tender 

 leaves of trees that are used as fodder for cattle. Now in a mixed 

 forest the various trees bring out their new foliage at different 

 periods of the year, so that a more continuous supply of fodder is 

 thereby assured. Moreover, in such a forest, some of the species, 

 being of a low habit, or not being valued for their wood except as 

 fuel, can often be lopped without any appreciable detriment to the 

 standing growth, and must even frequently be so lopped for the 

 improvement of the stock. Nay, individuals of the more valuable 

 species themselves must very often be cut out or lopped in order 

 to favour the development of the rest of the crop. Most trees and 

 shrubs yielding dyes, material for tanning, &c., unless specially 

 cultivated, cannot grow gregariously and form pure crops. And 

 so on. 



VII. Many kinds of trees are less liable to damage in mixed 

 than in pure forest from storms, fire, frost, drifting or superincum- 

 bent snow, hide-binding, insects, game, cattle, fungi, and diseases in 

 general. In company with a deep-rooted species, another with 

 superficial roots is able to resist storms almost as well as the for- 

 mer. Even superficially-rooted species protect one another when 

 mixed, by reason of the denser leaf-canopy and closer growth they 

 then form than when growing pure. For the same reason the 

 chances and destructiveness of fire are diminished in a mixed for- 

 est. This is especially the case in crops of mixed conifers and 

 broad-leaved species as compared with those of conifers alone. In 

 forests containing conifers, an admixture of broad-leaved trees, the 

 crowns of which are larger and composed of more numerous, 

 stouter, less horizontal, and generally also more elastic branches, 



