WHEN FORESTS MAY BE GEOWN PDHE. 123 



production. Wherefore, while constantly aiming at the beautiful, 

 the landscape gardener must adhere, as closely as the special cri- 

 cumstances of each case will allow or necessitate, to the various 

 conditions enunciated in Section II of this Chapter. 



SECTION VII. 

 When forests may be grown pure. 



From the considerations developed in the preceding Sections 

 of the present Chapter, it is obvious that the raising of pure 

 forests is to be generally avoided. Under certain special circum- 

 stances, however, forests (A) may or (B,) must necesssarily be 

 grown pure. 



A. It may be laid down as a general rule that a species may 

 be cultivated by itself only when the following three conditions 

 are realised at one and the same time : 



(i) It should be able to form of itself a complete leaf-canopy 

 up to an advanced age, certainly not much below that at which 

 it becomes fully fertile ; for under no other circumstance would 

 (a) the fertility of the soil be increased or maintained, (b) the 

 natural pruning of the boles of the trees intended to furnish tim- 

 ber be effected to the desired extent, and (c) the forest yield 

 anything approaching the maximum amount of produce of which 

 it is capable. Where regeneration is required to be effected 

 mainly or exclusively by natural means, this condition is a sine 

 qua non, otherwise grass and other injurious invasive vegetation 

 would take possession of the ground as soon as the leaf-canopy 

 began to clear itself. 



Exceptions to the foregoing Rule : 



The preceding condition is not obligatory 



(1) If the forest is exploited on a very short rotation. During 

 their youth all trees protect the ground well enough, since the 

 young stems not only bear standing close together, but also pos- 

 sess low crowns almost reaching down to the ground. Teak cop- 

 pice furnishes a good instance of this faot : under a full crop, say of 

 from 800 to 1,000 stems per acre, not a single blade of grass can 

 make its appearance. A pure bamboo jungle is another excellent 

 instance in point. 



(2) When the soil is such that its fertility is not impaired 

 by a defective covering of trees. We may instance marshy land 

 (to which the admission of sunshine and wind is, in truth, benefi- 



