214 PERMANENT 



the method. In splice-grafting it is often advisable to remove the 

 upper, not yet sufficiently lignified, extremity of the scion. 



B. Tongue or Whip Grafting. 



This is the most frequently employed method of all. It is the same 

 as the preceding with the addition of a slit or tongue in both scion 

 and stock (Fig. 58), whereby the former cannot slip about on 

 the latter and both have a greater length of cambium in contact. 

 Besides this, the scion may be smaller than the stock. If it is 

 smaller, it should be joined on to one side of the stock so as to secure 

 the greatest length of contact between the two cambiums. But 

 it is better to avoid using scions of a smaller size than the stock. 

 The upper extremity of the scion, if insufficiently liguih'ed, must 

 be cut off. 



C. Grown Grafting. 



This (Fig. 59) is the method generally employed when the 

 stock is much larger and older than the scion or when it is intend- 

 ed to renew headed-down trees. The head of the stock is cut off 

 with a smooth, even section, and the end of the scion is shaped as 

 represented in the Figure. To work on the scion, a slit is made in 

 the bark of the stock abont three inches long; the bark is then care- 

 fully raised on one side and the wedge end of the scion inserted 

 between it and the wood. The bark is at once tied down firmly 

 and the union covered over in the usual way. It is evident that 

 several scions, as many even as five or six, may be thus grafted up- 

 on one and the same stock. The raised bark is of little use beyond 

 protecting the scion and securing it in its place. Part of it dies, 

 and, by affording a lurking place for insects and collecting mois- 

 ture, induces decay. Hence tongue-grafting is to be preferred, 

 even when the stock is very much thicker than the scion, up to, 

 say, 3 or 5 inches in diameter. 



D. Cleft Grafting. 



In this method (Fig. 60) the top of the stock is cut off hori- 

 zontally as in crown grafting, but it is then split or cleft down the 

 centre to receive one or two scions according to the thickness of 

 the stock. If the scion is of the same diameter as the stock, a 

 certain thickness of it is cut out from each side of its lower extre- 

 mity for about two inches of its length, and the remaining wood, 

 with the bark on each side of it, is pared down to a fine wedge 

 and inserted into the cleft, which it should fill completely. If the 

 scions are smaller, two can be placed on the same stock, one at 

 each extremity of the cleft. The stock should be split down about 



