282 PLANTING. 



which are between one and three feet high ; and (3) large plants, 

 those which are three feet and upwards in height. Large plants 

 which are over eight feet high, may be specially termed saplings. 

 Yearlings may of course, according to the rapidity of their growth, 

 be small, middle-sized or large plants ; but those yearlings, which 

 have only recently come out of the seed, may for convenience' 

 sake, be designated germ plants. 



MODE OF RAISING. Seedlings may be self-sown from the forest 

 or nursery-raised, the latter being qualified as schooled or unschooled 

 according as they have passed or not passed through a period of 

 training in nursery lines. Schooled seedlings may of course have 

 originally been obtained from the forest. Similarly, the terms 

 schooled and unschooled may be applied to suckers and rhizome- 

 cuttings. In the case of ordinary cuttings and layers the terms 

 direct or schooled may be used. 



The properties of good transplants have been enumerated and 

 explained at pp. 136-137 and the age of wood to use for cuttings 

 and layers has been discussed in the same Chapter and Section on 

 pp. 209 and 211. As regards unschooled suckers, the smaller the 

 root on which they are produced are, the more successful are they 

 likely to be. The character of their crown and stem must ap- 

 proach less or more that given for transplants in general ; but as 

 such suckers have hitherto obtained the whole or the greater part 

 of their nourishment from the parent tree, what may be called 

 their own root-appartus will necessarily be disproportionately small 

 compared with their crown, and hence the more meagre the latter 

 is and the thicker the stem for the rapid conduction of water, the 

 better. The individual rhizomes of a clump are also dependent on 

 the roots of the clump for their nourishment, although of course 

 not to the same extent as suckers are dependent on their parent 

 tree. Hence the larger and fuller the rhizome is in proportion to 

 the culm it bears, the better the chances of success. The rhizomes 

 should moreover be free from unsoundness, and have large, 

 numerous eyes and an abundance of roots. 



SOURCE OF SUPPLY. Planting material may be obtained by 

 purchase, or extracted by one's own agency from the forest, or 

 raised in a nursery under one's own supervision. Those obtained 

 by purchase must be taken after very careful selection, especially 

 if they have not been previously examined in the place itself in 

 which they were raised, and lifted up and transported by one's 

 own agency. Unschooled seedlings from the forest are never so 

 good as nursery-raised transplants, since in the first place, owing 



