126 Elementary Principles of Agriculture 



and Fig. 73 further thickened and made stocky by 

 "heading in." The branches should not start out from 

 the same place, as illustrated in Fig. 74. Such branches 

 often split out when strong winds prevail. 



Fig. 71. Open-headed tree; vase form of top. 



189. Pruning and Training Grape-vines. The stem 

 of the grape is too weak to stand without support. In 

 nature it grows over the outer branches of trees, some- 

 times forming a canopy over the tops of small trees. 

 Cultivated grapes are given supports made with posts 

 and smooth wire. In order to keep the bulk of the vines 

 within limits and to increase their fruitfulness, they are 

 severely pruned every winter. This heavy pruning 



