284, Elementary Principles of Agriculture 



The general average cost on all crops was found to be 

 5.22 per cent of the value. 



The cost per ton per mile figured on actual loads and 

 cost of hauling averaged 25 cents divided as follows: 

 15 cents for flax seed; 16 cents for barley; 19 cents for 

 wheat, rye, hops, hay and corn; 22 cents for wool and 

 potatoes; 27 cents for cotton and cotton seed; 25 cents 

 for apples and live hogs; 30 to 31 cents for peanuts and 

 fresh vegetables. These figures were based on reports from 

 all parts of the United States, and of course are merely 

 averages for all sorts of roads. In some cases the cost 

 was greater and in others less than the figures given. 



The difference in cost of hauling over good roads and 

 poor roads is shown by the following figures of cost of 

 hauling per ton per mile, based on European investi- 

 gations: 



Per ton mile 



On broken stone roads, dry and in good con- 

 dition 8.0 cents 



On broken stone roads, ordinary condition 11.9 cents 



On earth roads containing ruts and mud 39.0 cents 



On sandy roads when wet 32.6 cents 



On sandy roads when dry 64.0 cents 



404. Cost of Steam Transportation. The average 

 freight rate by rail per ton mile for 1906 was $0.00766 

 per ton mile. Average cost by ocean freight New York 

 to Liverpool, a distance of 3,100 miles, was in 1906 

 $1.006 per ton on wheat, or $0.0003 per ton mile. The 

 great significance of these figures is shown when com- 

 pared with the following: 



Per ton mile 



Average rate on country roads 25 cents 



Average rate for corn on country roads 19 cents 



Average rate for corn on hard roads 10 cents 



405. How the Road Surface Affects the Draft. The 



firmness and smoothness of the road-bed affects the 

 draft required to move a load very materially. The 



