36 THE ICE AGE IN CANADA. 



nary time distinct from the Tertiary, as the Tertiary is 

 distinct from the Secondary. Where therefore the terms 

 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary are used, the latter 

 should include the whole time from the Eocene to the 

 Modern inclusive, unless indeed the advent of man be 

 considered an event of sufficient geological importance to 

 warrant a separation of the Modern from the Tertiary 

 period. When the terms Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Kaino- 

 zoic or Neozoic are used, then the two latter terms cover 

 perfectly the Pleistocene as well as the Eocene, Miocene 

 and Pliocene. I would therefore include the Pleistocene 

 in the Neozoic or Tertiary period, and define it to be that 

 geological age which is included between the Pliocene 

 and the Modern. From the former it is separated by the 

 advent of the cold or glacial* period, and the accompany- 

 ing subsidence of the land, as well as by the disappearance 

 of many species of animals and plants. From the latter 

 it is separated by the extinction of many mammalian 

 forms, and by the introduction of man, and of the present 

 levels and climatal conditions of the continents. 



LATER KAINOZOIC OR TERTIARY PERIOD. 



(In Ascending Order.) 

 Newer Pliocene. — A continental period of long duration, 

 in which the land was more elevated than at present, 

 and very extensive erosion of deep river valleys 

 occurred. 

 Pleistocene. — Covering three sub-divisions : — 



(a) Early Pleistoce7ie: Irregular elevation and depres- 

 sion of the continents, with cold climate and 

 great local glaciers. 



* I use the term "glacial" in this paper in its general sense, as 

 including the action of floating ice as well as of land ice. 



