BEEEDING SOCIETIES 98 



grant for a bull was limited to £6 13s. or to £7 16s. for 

 bulls valued by the Federation. These grants were given 

 independently of the contribution of the bull clubs, but on 

 conditions that the rules of the club were approved by the 

 Minister, and that they should contain provisions for the proper 

 selection of cows to be served, for veterinary inspection of both 

 bulls and cows, and also that the bull should be the property 

 of the club. As bull clubs continued to increase in number the 

 special grant for them was further increased in 1900 to nearly 

 £4000 a year. The next Law, of 1902, again went one step 

 further. Each bull club could obtain a grant of £8 7s., but the 

 Provincial Federation could discriminate between the clubs 

 in the province, so that the grant per bull could vary from £7 

 to £9 9s. according to the value of the bull and the work of 

 the club in general. This Law further made a new grant of 

 £1100 available for such bull clubs as, by showing superior 

 young stock as the result of their work, gave proof of special 

 opportunities for producing first class strains of cattle. 



With this help from the State together with the work 

 carried on by the many bull clubs, and by the agricultural 

 societies, local, district, and provincial, the improvement of 

 the stock of cattle proceeded git an accelerated rate, and was 

 materially assisted by the two able Live Stock Commissioners, 

 Messrs. Axel Appel and P. Aug. Morkeberg, appointed by the 

 State for the purpose, and by local advisers appointed by the 

 Agricultural and the Cattle Breeding Societies. For first class 

 bulls very high and, in Denmark, hitherto quite unheard-of 

 prices were readily paid by the best bull clubs, with the result 

 that private breeders were stimulated to continue their energetic 

 work for the improvement of their herds. A very character- 

 istic effect was soon noticeable in a change that came over 

 the cattle shows. It was due to the fact that the improvement 

 in cattle breeding was effected by the co-operative societies 

 of the farmers in general and not by a few prominent breeders. 

 As late as the early nineties most of the bulls at the cattle 

 shows were shown by large estate owners, by special breeders, 

 or were at least bulls from fairly large herds. But before the 

 end of the nineties this was altered. Not only were most of the 

 bulls then shown those belonging to bull clubs, but these bulls 



