110 CO-OPEEATION IN DANISH AGKICULTUKE 



milk had been made much earher by a few enterprising land- 

 owners. Count F. A. Holstein, Holsteinborg, in 1833-35, 

 offered prizes for the dairy herd in his district which should 

 yield the richest milk, and in 1846 Count F. M. Knuth, Knuthen- 

 borg, did the same for his district ; but in neither case was 

 any applicant forthcoming to compete for the prize. About 

 the same time Count Eeventlow, Aalstrup, pubhshed the 

 information that he renewed his herd of dairy cattle by means 

 of calves taken from those cows which yielded not only the 

 most milk, but also the most butter, and that he had found 

 that while one pound of butter could be produced from 36 lbs. 

 of milk from one cow, 52 lbs. of milk from another cow were 

 required. That, of course, was in the good old times when 

 milk was hand-skimmed from shallow pans. The Maribo 

 Amt Economical Society in 1847 offered prizes of £6 and £3 

 for the lots of cows, exhibited at the Society's show, which 

 on a two days' test yielded the most and the richest milk ; 

 and E. Tesdorpf, a landowner of Orupgaard, at a meeting of 

 the Society, held in the same year, explained the importance 

 of frequently weighing the milk yielded by each cow, and he 

 produced a form for tabulating the results of such weighings. 

 Observations of the yield of milk by quantity was gradually 

 introduced on many farms, but means were wanting whereby 

 to test the richness of the milk. A farmer named Jacobsen, 

 in 1873, constructed a small churn for churning samples of 

 milk from individual cows, but it did not come into general 

 use as it was too difficult to work. In the eighties, N. J, Fjord 

 constructed an apparatus, to be used in connection with the 

 Burmeister and Wain centrifugal cream separator, by means 

 of which the yield of fat (or more correctly of concentrated 

 cream) of many samples of milk could be tested at the same 

 time and in a few minutes. The purpose of tliis '* control 

 apparatus " was to find, at the dairies, how the milk from the 

 different farms varied in richness, in order that the milk might 

 be paid for according to its content of butter fat. As the 

 dairies produced butter and returned the skim milk to the 

 farmers, it was only fair that those farmers supplying the richest 

 milk should be paid a higher price. To enable the dairies to 

 do that a method (calculation by difference) was elaborated by 



