APPENDIX. 409 



Next in importance to the requisite care in performing the operation of 

 transplanting, is the proper choice of individual trees to be transplanted. In 

 making selections for removal among our fine forest trees, it should never 

 be forgotten that there are two distinct kinds of subjects even of the same 

 species of every tree, viz : those that grow among and surrounded by other 

 trees or woods, and those which grow alone, in free open exposures, where 

 they are acted upon by the winds, storms, and sunshine, at all times and 

 seasons. The former class it will always be exceedingly difficult to trans- 

 plant successfully, even with the greatest care ; while the latter may 

 always be removed with comparatively little risk of failure. 



Any one who is at all familiar with the growth of trees in woods or 

 groves somewhat dense, is also aware of the great difference in the external 

 appearance between such trees and those which stand singly in open spaces. 

 In thick woods, trees are found to have tall, slender trunks, with compara- 

 tively few branches except at the top, smooth and thin bark, and they are 

 scantily provided with roots, but especially with the small fibres so essen- 

 tially necessary to insure the growth of the tree when transplanted. Those, 

 on the other hand, which stand isolated, have short thick stems, numerous 

 branches, thick bark, and a great abundance of root and small fibres. The 

 latter, accustomed to the full influence of the weather, to cold winds, as 

 well as open sunshine, have, what Sir Henry Stewart has aptly denominated, 

 the '■'■protecting properties'^ v^eW developed; being robust and hardy they 

 are well calculated to endure the violence of the removal, while trees 

 growing in the midst of a wood, sheltered from the tempests by their fel- 

 lows, and scarcely ever receiving the sun and air freely except at their top- 

 most branches, are too feeble to withstand the change of situation, when 

 removed to an open lawn, even when they are carefully transplanted. 



" Of trees in open exposures," says Sir Henry, "we find that their pecu- 

 liar properties contribute, in a remarkable manner, to their health and pros- 

 perity. In the first place, their shortness and greater girth of stem, in 

 contradistinction to others in the interior of woods, are obviously intended 

 to give to the former greater strength to resist the winds, and a shorter 

 lever to act upon the roots. Secondly, their larger heads, with spreading 

 branches, in consequence of the free access of light, are as plainly formed 

 for the nourishment, as well as the balancing of so large a trunk, and also 

 for furnishing a cover to shield it from the elements. Thirdly, their supe- 

 rior tliickness and induration of bark is, in like mannei; bestowed for the 



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