410 APPENDIX. 



protection of the sap-vessels, that lie immediately under it, and which, 

 without such defence from cold, could not perform their functions. Fourthly, 

 their greater number and variety of roots are for the double purpose of nour- 

 ishment and strength ; nourishment to support a mass of such magnitude, 

 and strength to contend with the fury of the blast. Such are the obvious 

 purposes for which the unvarying characteristics of trees in open exposures 

 are conferred upon them. Nor are they conferred equally and indiscrim- 

 inately upon all trees so situated. They seem, by the economy of nature, 

 to be peculiar adaptations to the circumstances and wants of each individual, 

 uniformly hestoived in the ratio of exposure, greater where that is more 

 conspicuous, and uniformly decreasing, as it becomes less."* 



Trees in which the protecting properties are well developed are fre- 

 quently to be met with on the skirts of woods : but those standing singly 

 here and there through the cultivated fields and meadows of our farm 

 lands, where the roots have extended themselves freely in the mellow soil, 

 are the finest subjects for removal into the lawn, park, or pleasure-ground. 



The machine used in removing trees of moderate size is of simple con- 

 struction ; consisting of a pair of strong wheels about five feet high, a stout 

 axle, and a pole about twelve feet long. In transplanting, the wheels and 

 axle are brought close to the trunk of the tree, the pole is firmly lashed to 

 the stem, and when the soil is sufficiently removed and loosened about the 

 roots, the pole, with the tree attached, is drawn down to a horizontal position, 

 by the aid of men and a pair of horses. When the tree is thus drawn out 

 of the hole, it is well secured and properly balanced upon the machine, the 

 horses are fastened in front of the mass of roots by gearings attached to the 

 axle, and the whole is transported to the destined location. 



In order more effectually to insure the growth of large specimens when 

 transplanted, a mode of preparing beforehand a supply of young roots, is 

 practised by skilful operators. This consists in removing the top soil, par- 

 tially undermining the tree, and shortening back many of the roots ; and 

 afterwards replacing the former soil by rich mould or soil well manured. 

 This is suffered to remain at least one year, and often three or four vears ; 

 the tree, stimulated by the fresh supply of food, throws out an abundance 

 of small fibres, which render success, when the time for removal arrives, 

 comparatively certain. 



* The Planter's Guide, p. 105. 



