CRYPTOGAMIA LICHENES. 71 



40. NEPHROMA. Frond foliaceous, spreading, lobed, naked or 



villous beneath. Apothecia roundish, terminating the lobes, 

 inferior, surrounded by an elevated inflexed margin. 



41. STICTA. Frond foliaceous, spreading, lobed, pubescent be- 



neath, and marked with white round naked spots. Apothecia 

 scattered, shield-like, fixed by a central point, the border 

 formed from the frond. 



42. CETRARIA. Frond foliaceous, ascending or spreading, lobed, 



naked on both sides. Apothecia obliquely adnate with the 

 margin, shield-like, the border inflexed, derived from the 

 frond. 



43. COLLEMA, Frond foliaceous, lobed, depressed, subgelatinous, 



coriaceous when dry. Apothecia scattered, shield-like, form- 

 ed from the substance of the frond. 



44. BORRERA. Frond depressed, laciniate, the segments free, 



channelled beneath, and ciliate at the margin. Apothecia 

 saucerlike, scattered, the border formed from the frond. 



45. PARMELIA. Frond foliaceous, lobed, appressed, spreading 



circularly, fibrous beneath. Apothecia saucer-like, subses- 

 sile, scattered, the border formed from the frond. 



46. LECAXORA. Frond crustaceous, spreading circularly, adnate, 



plane. Apothecia saucer-like, sessile, with a thickish bor- 

 der formed from the crust. 



47. LECIDEA. Frond crustaceous, spreading, adnate and uniform. 



Apothecia saucer-like or tubercle-like, sessile, with a raised 

 border of the same nature and colour as the disk. 



j* } Frond divided into branch-like segments, plane. 



48. EVERNIA. Frond suberect or pendulous, with a central fila- 



ment within. Apothecia shield-like, sessile, the disk con- 

 cave, coloured, the border formed from the frond. 



40. HAMALIXA. Frond erect or pendulous, fibrous, and nearly 

 solid within. Apothecia shield-like, subpedicellate, plane, 

 wholly formed from the substance of the frond. 



