RANUNCULACEAE. 119 



Flowers perfect or monoecious, if dioecious on neither vines nor herbs : with 



simple leaves. 



Plants with minute axillary monoecious flowers : anthers with horn- 

 like appendages. Fam. 1. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. 

 Plants with perfect or rarely dioecious flow- 

 ers : anthers not with horn-like appendages. 

 Carpels one or more, distinct at least at 



maturity. 



Sepals 3-15 : petals about as many : 

 plants if shrubby not with pulpy 



fruit : endosperm even. Fam. 2. RANUNCULACEAE. 



Sepals 3 : petals 6 : fruit pulpy : endo- 

 sperm channeled. Fam. 3. ANNONACEAE. 

 Carpels more or less coherent or united 

 into cone-like/structures, or immersed 

 in the pulpy receptacle. 



Sepals yalvate. Fam. 3. ANNONACEAE. 



Sepals imbricate. Fam. 4. MAGNOLIACEAE. 



Flowers dioecious : vines with simple leaves. Fam. 5. MENISPERMACEAE. 

 Water plants : emersed or floating leaves with pel- 

 tate blades. 



Carpels several and distinct. Fam. 6. CABOMBACEAE. 



Carpels united into compound pistil. Fam. 7. NYMPHAEACEAE. 



Stamens few and definite, the anther-sacs opening by 



hinged valves except in Podophyllum. Fam. 8. PODOPHYLLACEAE. 



FAMILY 1. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. HORNWORT FAMILY. 



Annual aquatic herbs. Leaves whorled: blades cleft or finely dis- 

 sected. Calyx of 6-12 narrow toothed or cleft sepals. Corolla wanting. 

 Androecium of 1024 stamens with short filaments. Gynoecium 1-carpel- 

 lary: stigma subulate. Fruit an achene, sometimes spine-armed. 



1. CEBATOPHYLLUM L. Submerged plants with sessile leaf-blades, 

 the divisions mostly thrice forked. 



1. C. demersum L. Stems 3-12 dm. long: leaves rather rigid; blades 1-2- 

 times forking: sepals oblong to ovate-oblong, erose: stamens slightly exserted: 

 style and stigma exserted : achenes 5 mm. long. Susquehanna valley. Bare, 

 in shallow water. Sum. HORNWORT. 



FAMILY 2. RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 



Herbs or woody vines. Leaves alternate (opposite in Clematideae} : 

 blades simple or compound. Calyx of 3-5 distinct, imbricate sepals (val- 

 vate in Clematideae). Corolla of about as many petals as there are sepals, 

 occasionally more, or wanting. Androecium of several or many hypogy- 

 nous stamens. Gynoecium of 1, several, or many distinct carpels. Fruit 

 an achene or a follicle, or baccate. 



Fruit a follicle or a berry : carpels with several ovules, or with only 1 or 2 ovules 



in Hydrastis. 

 Flowers regular. 



Leaf-blades palmately nerved or palmately compound. 



Fruit baccate : sepals inconspicuous, fugaceous. 1. HYDRASTIS. 



Fruit follicular : sepals conspicuous, persistent during 



anthesis. 2. CALTHA. 



Leaf-blades pinnately or ternately compound or decom- 

 pound. 

 Petals without spurs, or wanting. 



Fruit dry follicles : racemes elongate. 3. CIMICIFUGA. 



Fruit berry-like follicles : racemes short. 4. ACTAEA. 



Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. 5. AQUILEGIA. 



Flowers irregular, the posterior sepal, and posterior petals, 



spurred. 6. DELPHINIUM. 



Fruit an achene : carpels with a single ovule each. 



Flowers, or their pedicels or peduncles, subtended by invo- 

 lucres. 

 Involucre close under the calyx : bracts entire. 7. HEPATICA. 



