214 PYROLACEAE. 



petals unequal : fruit 3-4 mm. long, the wings prickly. Common, in fields 

 and waste places. Sum. WILD-CARROT. 



Series 2. GAMOPETALAE. 



Petals more or less united, or occasionally distinct, or very 

 rarely wanting. 



Order ERICALES. 



Herbs, undershrubs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes humus-plants or 

 saprophytes. Leaves alternate, often evergreen: blades simple. Flowers 

 mainly perfect and complete. Calyx of 2-8, usually 5, partially united 

 sepals. Corolla of 2-8, usually 5, mostly united petals. Androecium of as 

 many or twice as many stamens as petals, sometimes partially reduced to 

 staminodia: filaments mostly free. Gynoeciurn of several united carpels. 

 Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. 



Gynoecium superior : fruit capsular, sometimes fleshy but not truly baccate or 



drupaceous. 

 Corolla of essentially distinct petals. 



Herbaceous perennials with persistent green leaves. Fam. 1. PYKOLACEAB. 



Herbaceous saprophytes destitute of green leaves. Fam. 2. MONOTEOPACEAE. 



Corolla of manifestly united petals. Fam. 3. ERICACEAE. 



Gynoecium inferior : fruit baccate or drupaceous. Fam. 4. VACCINIACEAE. 



FAMILY 1. PYROLACEAE. WINTBBGBEEN FAMILY. 



Perennial evergreen herbs, with elongate rootstocks. Leaves alter- 

 nate, mostly near the base of the stem: blades leathery. Flowers in 

 terminal clusters or solitary, sometimes irregular. Calyx of 4 or 5 per- 

 sistent sepals. Corolla often white or pink, of 4 or 5 essentially distinct, 

 wax-like petals. Androecium of twice as many stamens as there aft 

 petals : anthers inverted in anthesis. Gynoecium of 4 or 5 united carpels : 

 stigmas united. Fruit a 4- or 5-valved loculicidal capsule. 



Style elongate : flowers racemose : filaments unappendaged : capsule opening from 

 base to top. 1. PYROLA. 



Style very short : flowers corymbed or umbeled : filaments append- 



aged at the base : capsule opening from top to base. 2. CHIMAPHILA. 



1. PYROLA [Tourn.] L. Leaves with broad blades. Flowers in elongate 

 racemes. Filaments unappendaged and glabrous. Capsule nodding, the valve- 

 margins cobwebby. Sum. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF. 



Stamens converging : style straight : anthers not contracted below the opening. 



1. P. secunda. 

 Stamens declined : style declined : anthers contracted below the 



opening. 



Leaf-blades lustrous : sepals oblong or lanceolate. 2. P. americana. 



Leaf -blades not lustrous : sepals ovate to triangular. 



Anther-horns long : leaf -blades orbicular, leathery, mostly 



shorter than the petioles. 3. P. chlorantha. 



Anther-horns very short and stout : leaf -blades oval, mem- 

 branous, mostly longer than the petioles. 4. P. elliptica. 



1. P. secunda L. Plants mostly 1-1.5 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oval, or 

 orbicular-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, acute or mucronate, shallowly serrate, longer 

 than the petioles: calyx 1.5-2 mm. long; sepals ovate to ovate-oblong: petals 

 oblong or ovate-oblong, 4-6 mm. long: anthers 1.5 mm. long: capsules 4-5 mm. 

 wide. Very rare. Collected many years ago, perhaps in the western or 

 northern part of the county. 



