304 CARDUACEAE. 



funnelform throat: lobes deltoid. Anthers oblong, longer than the filaments, 

 the appendages ovate. Stigmas broad. Achenes stout, 3-4-angled, or some- 

 what flattened in the disk. Pappus wanting or a mere toothed crown. 



1. V. alba L. Stem and branches 2-9 dm. long, finely pubescent: leaf -blades 

 elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, or narrower, 3-10 cm. long, sessile: involucres 

 broadly campanulate, the larger bracts about 4.5 mm. long: achenes about 2.5 

 mm. long. Not very common, along streams and in low grounds. Sum. 



32. RTJDBECKIA L. Perennial or rarely annual or biennial often 

 pubescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. 

 Heads erect. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, many-flowered: bracts 

 spreading or reflexed, often unequal. Eeceptacle conic or convex. Bay-flowers 

 several: ligules yellow, rarely discolored or crimson, spreading or drooping. 

 Disk-flowers crowded: corollas with a short tube and a longer throat: lobes 

 deltoid or ovate. Anthers longer than the filaments. Achenes 4-angled, flat- 

 topped. Pappus merely a low crown or obsolete. CONE-FLOWER. 



Leaf-blades deeply lobed, cleft or divided : disk cylindric or conic, yellowish, or gray. 



1. R. laciniata. 

 Leaf -blades entire or toothed : disk ovoid or globular, purple, or 



dark-brown. 

 Stigma-tips subulate. 



Involucre of narrow bracts much shorter than the ligules 



of the ray-flowers. 2. R. hirta. 



Involucre of foliaceous bracts as long as the ligules of 



the ray-flowers or longer. 3. R. Brittonii. 



Stigma-tips obtuse. , 4. R. fulgida. 



1. R. laciniata L. Stems 6-20 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: blades of the 

 upper leaves less deeply lobed than those of the lower, or merely cleft: bracts 

 of the involucre oblong to lanceolate: ligules of the ray 2-4 cm. long: disk 

 becoming cylindric or long-conic. Common, in thickets and open waste 

 places. Late sum. 



2. R. hirta L. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, hirsute or hispid: blades of the upper 

 leaves oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, or nearly linear: bracts of the involucre 

 linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong: ligules of the ray 20-35 mm. long: disk 

 10-18 mm. wide. Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. westward. 

 Sum. YELLOW-DAISY. BLACK-EYED SUSAN. 



3. R. Brittonii Small. Stems 5-8 dm. tall, hispid or hirsute-hispid: blades of 

 the upper leaves mostly ovate to oblong-ovate, rather coarsely toothed or 

 shallowly crenate: bracts of the involucre oblong to lanceolate: ligules of the 

 ray 25-35 mm. long. Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare, on wooded hillsides. 

 Schists. Sum. 



4. R. fulgida Ait. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, hirsute or somewhat hispid: blades of 

 the lower leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or cuneiform, remotely toothed 

 or entire: bracts of the involucre linear to linear-lanceolate: ligules of the ray 

 9-15 mm. long: disk 1-1.5 cm. wide. S. Occasional, in thickets, low grounds 

 and swamps. Schists. Fall. 



33. HELIANTHUS L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or 

 opposite: blades entire or toothed. Heads erect or nodding. Involucre 

 cylindric, hemispheric, or saucer-shaped: bracts narrow or broad, the tips 

 usually lax. Ray-flowers several or many: ligules yellow or rarely purple, 

 usually conspicuous, very rarely obsolete. Disk-flowers crowded: corollas yel- 

 low or purple, with a very short tube abruptly dilated into the longer throat: 

 lobes ovate or deltoid. Stigmas slender. Achenes flattened and somewhat 



