PINE FAMILY 15 



violet-purple, rarely yellow; cones oblong, 5-10 cm. long; scales obovate, narrowed 

 at the base, more than twice as long as the bracts. A. subalpina Engelm. SUBAL- 

 PINE FIR, BALSAM. Subalpine mountains: Alta. N.M. Ariz. Ore. Alaska. 

 Subalp. 



3. A. arizonica Merriam. A tree about 15 m. high; trunk 2-4 dm. in diam- 

 eter; bark of the stem whitish, corky, elastic, irregularly ridged; that of the 

 branches smooth and with resin-blisters; leaves of the lower branches 2.5-3 cm. 

 long, usually notched at the apex; those of the cone-bearing branches 2 cm. 

 long, sharp-pointed; pistillate flowers purple; cones oblong, about 5 cm. long; 

 scales transversely rounded-oval, nearly twice as long as the bracts. ARIZONA 

 BALSAM. High mountains: Ariz. s Colo. N.M. Subalp. 



4. A. grandis Lindl. A tree 75-100 m. high, with a trunk often 12 dm. 

 thick; bark of old trees 5 cm. thick, shallowly fissured and scaly; twigs yellowish 

 green, puberulous, becoming glabrate; leaves dark green and shining above, 

 silvery white beneath; those of the sterile branches 3-5 cm. long, spreading, 2- 

 ranked, usually conspicuously emarginate; staminate flowers pale yellow; pistil- 

 late yellowish green; cones cylindric, puberulent, 5-10 cm. long; scales obovate, 

 broader than long, 3-4 times as long as the bracts. GRAND FIR. Valleys and 

 lower slopes: Mont. -Wyo. Calif. B.C. Mont. Submont. 



6. A. concolor Lindl. & Gord. A tree 25-30 m., rarely 45 m. high, on the 

 Pacific Coast much higher; bark on the old trees deeply furrowed and scaly; 

 that of the upper part and of young trees smooth and grayish, with resin-blisters; 

 leaves pale blue or glaucous; those of the lower branches 5-7 cm. long, straight, 

 acute or acuminate; staminate flowers dark red to rose-colored; pistillate ones 

 purplish or yellowish green; cones oblong-cylindric, rounded, 7-12 cm. long, 

 puberulent; scales obovate, broader than long, twice as long as the bracts; seeds 

 4-5 mm. long. WHITE FIR. Mountain slopes; Colo. N.M. L. Calif. Ore. 

 Mont. 



7. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. RED FIR, FALSE SPRUCE. 



Monoecious evergreen trees, with spreading branches. Leaves flattened, 

 petioled, on the lateral branches appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of the peti- 

 oles, leaving transversely oval, slightly raised scars, with 2 resin-ducts close to 

 the epidermis on the lower side. Staminate aments axillary to the leaves of the 

 preceding season, cylindric; anther-sacs 2, obliquely splitting. Pistillate aments 

 sub terminal, drooping; scales persistent, much shorter than the 3-lobed caudate- 

 acuminate bracts; cones maturing the first season. Seeds winged. 



1. P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. A tree 25-60 m. high, sometimes taller, 

 with a trunk 6-25 dm. thick; leaves dark yellowish green, 2-3 cm. long, flat, 

 obtuse, short-stalked; staminate flowers orange-red; pistillate ones greenish or 

 purplish, the bracts deep purple; cones 5-10 cm. long; scales obovate-rounded, 

 puberulent, shorter than the bracts. P. taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. P. Douglasii 

 Carr. RED FIR, DOUGLAS SPRUCE, or DOUGLAS FIR. Hills and mountains: 

 Alta. w Tex. Calif. B.C.; n Mex. Submont. Subalp. 



8. TSUGA (Endl.) Carr. HEMLOCK. 



Monoecious evergreens with spreading or somewhat reflexed branches. 

 Leaves flattened, with stomata only on the lower side, on the lateral branches, 

 appearing 2-ranked by the twisting of the petioles, articulate to short persistent 

 bases (sterigmata). Staminate aments axillary to leaves of the preceding year; 

 pollen-sacs confluent, opening by a transverse slit. Pistillate aments solitary, 

 terminal on branches of the preceding year; bracts membranous, inconspicuous; 

 scales in few series. Cones drooping, maturing the first year; scale at last loose 

 and spreading, persistent. Seeds samara-like; wings attached to the seeds. 



1. T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. A tree 40-50 m., rarely 60 m. high, with 

 a trunk 6-20 dm. thick; leaves flat, rounded at the apex, deeply grooved and 

 dark green above, with two broad white or glaucous bands beneath, 1-2 cm. 

 long, petioled; staminate flowers yellow; pistillate ones purple; cones ovoid, 1.5- 

 2.5 cm. long, pendulous; scales obovate, strongly striate, persistent. WESTERN 

 HEMLOCK, Moist places: B.C. w Mont. Ida. -n Calif. Mont. Submont. 



