MADDER FAMILY 807 



Leaves opposite; corolla funnelform. I.KELLOGGIA. 

 Leaves apparently verticillate ; corolla rotate. 



Flowers 3-4-merous, usually white; fruit dry. 2. GALIUM. 



Flowers 5-merous, yellow; fruit baccate. 3. RUBIA. 



1. KELLOGGIA Torr. 



Perennials, with opposite leaves, small interposed stipules and small white 

 or pinkish flowers in paniculate cymes. Flowers perfect, 3-5- (mostly 4-) merous. 

 Hypanthium obovoid. Calyx-teeth minute, persistent. Corolla funnel-salver- 

 form; lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens adnate to the corolla up to the throat, 

 exserted; filaments flat; anthers fixed above the base. Ovary 2-celled; style 

 filiform, exserted; stigmas 2, linear-clayate. Ovules solitary, erect, anatropous. 

 Fruit dry, coriaceous, beset with uncinate bristles, separating into 2 carpels. 

 Albumen fleshy. 



1. K. galioides Torr. Stem slender, glabrous or puberulent, 1-3 dm. high; 

 leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, sessile, 1-3-nerved, acute at the apex; 

 corolla 5-7 mm. long and as wide; fruit 3-4 mm. long and, with the bristles, 3-4 

 mm. in diameter. Mountain woods: Wyo. Wash. Ariz. Calif. Submont. 

 Mont. Je-Jl. 



2. GALIUM L. BEDSTRAW, CLEAVERS. 



Annual or perennial herbs, some somewhat woody at the base, with 4-angled 

 stems and branches, apparently verticillate leaves* and small, mostly white 

 flowers in cymes or panicles. Flowers perfect or in some species dioecious. 

 Hypanthium globose or ovoid. Calyx obsolete. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- 

 parted, or rarely 3-parted. Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short. Styles 2; 

 stigmas capitellate; ovary 2-celled, with one ovule in each cell. Fruit didymous, 

 of two indehiscent carpels, often bristle-hairy, dry. 



Flowers perfect; fruit hirsute with uncinnate hairs, or glabrous. 

 Annuals. 



Stem coarse, reclining; leaves 6-8 in the whorls. 

 Leaves linear or oblanceolate. 



Leaves 2-7 cm. long; nutlets when ripe 3-5 mm. in diameter; flowers white. 



1. G. Aparine. 

 Leaves 0.52 cm. long; nutlet when ripe 23 mm. in diameter; flowers 



ochroleucous. 2. G. Vaillantii. 



Leaves elliptic. 10. G. flaviflorum. 



Stem slender, erect or ascending; leaves 2-4 in the whorls. 

 Leaves ovate or oblong, 57 mm. long; fruit nearly sessile. 



3. G. proliferum. 

 Leaves linear-oblong or linear, often 10-20 mm. long; fruit distinctly peduncled. 



4. G. bifolium. 

 Perennials. 



Leaves not cuspidate-pointed. 



Stem stout; leaves thick, 3-nerved. 5. G. boreale. 



Stem very slender; leaves 1 -nerved. 



Leaves mostly 4 in the whorls, 5-15 mm. long. 



Leaves obovate to broadly oblong-lanceolate, somewhat fleshy. 



Corolla-lobes almost 1 mm. long; pedicels and generally also the 



stem glabrous. 6. G. Brandegei. 



Corolla-lobes about 0.5 mm. long; pedicels and stem more or less 



scabrous. 7. G. subbiflorum. 



Leaves linear-oblong or linear-oblanceolate. 8. G. trifidum. 



Leaves of the stem mostly 5-6 in the whorls, 15-30 mm. long. 



9. G. columbianum. 

 Leaves cuspidate-pointed. 



Fruit uncinate long-hispid; stem glabrous or sparingly hirsute or bristly; 



inflorescence axillary, mostly simple. 

 Stem retrorse-bristly; pedicels scarcely exceeding the bracts. 



10. G. flaviflorum. 

 Stem glabrous or sparingly hirsute; pedicels much exceeding the small 



bracts. 11. G. triflorum. 



Fruit minutely hispidulous or granular-scabrous; stem scabrous on the angles; 



inflorescence panicled. 

 Leaves firm, with strong midrib, lanceolate or oblanceolate; pedicels in 



fruit somewhat spreading. 12. G. asperulum. 



Leaves thin, oblong, rounded and mucronate at the apex; pedicels very 



13. G. 



fine, in fruit spreading at right angles. 13. G. filipes. 



* The leaves are really opposite; but the interposed stipules are large and leaf-like. 



