CHAP. VIII.] ESSAYS AT CAMBRIDGE. 225 



" The aims thus adopted may be different in kind and 

 value. One may aim at effective deeds, another at com- 

 pleteness, a third at correctness, a fourth at dignity, while 

 another class estimates its progress by the universality of 

 its sentiments and the comprehensiveness of its sympathy 

 with the varieties of the human mind. Some, in short, 

 attend more to self-government, and some to mental expan- 

 sion. "When these tendencies can be combined and sub- 

 ordinated, there emerges the perfectly educated man, who, 

 in the rigidity of his principles, acts with decision, and in 

 the expansibility of his sympathy tolerates all opinions." 



2. " What is the Nature of Evidence of Design ?" 1853. 



" Design ! The very word . . . disturbs our quiet dis- 

 cussions about how things happen with restless questionings- 

 about the why of them all. We seem to have recklessly 

 abandoned the railroad of phenomonology, and the black 

 rocks of Ontology stiffen their serried brows and frown inevi- 

 table destruction. 



"... The belief in design is a necessary consequence 

 of the Laws of Thought acting on the phenomena of per- 

 ception. 



"... The essentials then for true evidence of design are 

 (1) A phenomenon having significance to us ; (2) Two- 

 ascertained chains of physical causes contingently connected,, 

 and both having the same apparent terminations, viz., the 

 phenomenon itself and some presupposed personality. . . .. 

 If the discovery of a watch awakens my torpid intelligences 

 I perceive a significant end which the watch subserves. 

 It goes, and, considering its locality, it is going well. . . . 

 My young and growing reason points out two sets of 

 phenomena . . . (a) the elasticity of springs, etc. etc., and 

 (b) the astronomical facts which render the mean solar day 

 the unit of civil time combined with those social habits- 

 which require a cognisance of the time of day. 



"... It is the business of science to investigate these 

 causal chains. If they are found not to be independent, 

 but to meet in some ascertained point, we must transfer the 



Q 



