vii.] METHODS AND KESULTS OF ETENOL')GY. 151 



Crimea, might justly be accounted for by those subse- 

 quent westward irruptions of the Mongolian stock, of 

 which history furnishes abundant testimony. 



The furthermost limit of the Xanthochroi north-west- 

 ward is Iceland and the British Isles ; south-westward, 

 they are traceable at intervals through the Berber country, 

 and end in the Canary Islands. 



The cranial characters of the Xanthochroi are not, at pre- 

 sent, strictly definable. The Scandinavians are certainly 

 long-headed ; but many Germans, the Swiss so far as they 

 are Germanized, the Slavonians, the Fins, and the Turks, 

 are short-headed. What were the cranial characters of 

 the ancient " U-suns " and " Ting-lings " of the valley of 

 the Yenisei is unknown. 



West of the area occupied by the chief mass of the 

 Xanthochroi, and north of the Sahara, is a broad belt of 

 land, shaped like a >-. Between the forks of the Y lies 

 the Mediterranean ; the stem of it is Arabia. The stem 

 is bathed by the Indian Ocean, the western ends of the 

 forks by the Atlantic. The people inhabiting the area 

 thus roughly sketched have, like the Xanthochroi, pro- 

 minent noses, pale skins and wavy hair, with abundant 

 beards ; but, unlike them, the hair is black or dark, and 

 the eyes usually so. They may thence be called the MELA- 

 NOCHROI. Such people are found in the British Islands, 

 in Western and Southern Gaul, in Spain, in Italy south 

 of the Po, in parts of Greece, in Syria and Arabia, 

 stretching as far northward and eastward as the Caucasus 

 and Persia. They are the chief inhabitants of Africa 

 north of the Sahara, and, like the Xanthochroi, they end 

 in the Canary Islands. They are known as Kelts, Iberians, 

 Etruscans, Eomans, Pelasgians, Berbers, Semites. The 

 majority of them are long-headed, and of smaller stature 

 than the Xanthochroi. 



It is needless to remark upon the civilization of these 



