296 CRITIQUES AND ADDRESSES. [x:i. 



are no more really in them, than sickness, or pain, is in manna. Take 

 away the sensation of them ; let not the eyes see light or colours, nor 

 the ears hear sounds ; let the palate not taste, nor the nose smell ; 

 and all colours, tastes, odours and sounds, as they are such particular 

 ideas, vanish and cease, and are reduced to their causes, t. e. bulk, 

 figure, and motion of parts. 



"18. A piece of manna of sensible bulk is able to produce in us 

 the idea of a round or square figure ; and, by being removed from one 

 place to another, the idea of motion. This idea of motion represents 

 it as it really is in the manna moving ; a circle and square are the 

 same, -whether in idea or existence, in the mind or in the manna ; and 

 thus both motion and figure are really in the manna, whether we take 

 notice of them or no : this everybody is ready to agree to." 



So far as primary qualities are concerned, then, 

 Locke is as thoroughgoing a realist as St. Anselm. In 

 Berkeley, on the other hand, we have as complete a 

 representative of. the nominalists and conceptualists an 

 intellectual descendant of Eoscellinus and of Abelard. 

 And by a curious irony of fate, it is the nominalist who 

 is, this time, the champion of orthodoxy, and the realist 

 that of heresy. 



Once more let us try to work out Berkeley's principles 

 for ourselves, and inquire what foundation there is for 

 the assertion that extension, form, solidity, and the 

 other " primary qualities," have an existence apart from 

 mind. And for this purpose let us recur to our experi- 

 ment with the pin. 



It has been seen that when the finger is pricked with 

 a pin, a state of consciousness arises which we call pain ; 

 and it is admitted that this pain is not a something 

 which inheres in the pin, but a something which exists 

 only in the mind, and has no similitude elsewhere. 



But a little attention will show that this state of 

 consciousness is accompanied by another, which can by 

 no effort be got rid of. I not only have the feeling, but 

 the feeling is localized. I am just as certain that the 

 pain is in my finger, as I am that I have it at all. 



