48 CEOONIAN LECTURES 



Confucius taught the Chinese duty to parents 

 while they lived, and to give sacrifices to them 

 when dead. They worshipped their ancestors, 

 as beings capable of giving aid and counsel to 

 the deserving, and inflicting vengeance on the 

 unworthy. They gave them food, clothes, and 

 even gilt paper-money. 



Confucius said the body consisted of two 

 principles the one light, invisible, and ascend- 

 ing; and the other gross, palpable, and de- 

 scending ; and that, on the separation of these 

 two principles, the light or spiritual part as- 

 cended into the air, whilst the heavy or cor- 

 poreal part sank into the earth. 



The Greeks personified their idea of life, 

 and confused it with motion, matter, and 

 mind. 



Thales thought that there must be a living- 

 soul, a vital principle, in amber and the 

 magnet, because they have a moving force. 



Anaximenes thought the air was an en- 

 souled and ensouling force, and that it was the 

 life of the body. 



Heraclitus of Ephesus admitted no distinc- 

 tion between fire, life, and the soul. Man's 

 soul or life was an emanated portion of the 



