166 THE UNIVERSE 



in relation to mind. From this it is evident that 

 mind is at least co-ordinate with matter and cannot 

 be treated as a mere property of matter. From 

 this doctrine Spencer took refuge in the strange 

 notion that we possess two consciousnesses, the 

 consciousness of ideas within us and the conscious- 

 ness of motions without us. That neither of these 

 could be resolved into the other, though both were 

 the phenomena of an unknowable absolute. This 

 self-contradiction of a dualistic separation between 

 two aspects of our life, which as a matter of fact can 

 never be divided, proved a citadel of ignorance which 

 could not withstand the attacks of logical criticism. 



Mr. Spencer's agnostic dualism of objective and 

 subjective mind was due to a fundamental miscon- 

 ception of what is meant by the subjectivity of 

 knowledge. If we have the consciousness of object 

 and subject only in relation to each other, it is not 

 necessary to seek the principle of their unity in any 

 third principle, for his unknowable absolute is "in 

 our mouths and in our hearts," and found in the 

 inseparable unity of experience in which the inward 

 and outward are correlative elements. 



It seems Mr. Spencer's agnosticism is a sort of 

 spiritual refuge for the destitutes who renounce their 

 heritage like Esau or waste it like the prodigal son, 

 and feed on husks. For those who by their abstrac- 

 tions separate the elements of experience from each 

 other, are forced to go beyond experience for the 

 unity they have lost, and flounder in the miry bogs 

 of agnosticism. 



The true way is to give up such abstractions as 

 objective and subjective mind, for the mind is a 

 unity, and learn to " think things together" and 



