MATERIA MEDIC A. 99 



seeds, and in 1852 the Dutch began cultivation in 

 Java. Royle recommended planting in the Nilghiris r 

 in 1839, and again in 1858, when he pointed out that 

 the East India Company were spending 7,000 a year 

 for bark and ^"25,000 for quinine. Mr. Clements 

 Markham went to Peru and secured the assistance 

 of the botanist Richard Spruce, of John Weir, and 

 of Robert Cross in 1860. From that year plants have 

 been raised at Kew, and from the year following at 

 Ootacamund, then under the charge of W. G. Mclvor. 

 They have since been largely planted at Darjeeling, 

 in the Kangra Valley, in Ceylon, Burma, Mauritius, 

 Jamaica, and Trinidad. Indian Cinchona bark first 

 came into the English market in 1867. Ceylon now 

 exports a very large amount. This dispersal of these 

 valuable plants,, though largely carried out by means 

 of seeds, was much facilitated by Mr. N. B. Ward's in- 

 vention of the cases which are always known by his 

 name. 



Though there are numerous other species, varieties 

 and hybrids, those chiefly grown are the original 

 C. officinalis, L., yielding PALE CINCHONA, CROWN 

 or LOXA BARK ; C. Calisaya, Weddell, discovered by 

 that botanist in 1847, and its variety, Ledgeriana, 

 Moens, yielding YELLOW CINCHONA, or CALISAYA 

 BARK, and C. suairubra, Pavon, yielding RED CIN- 

 CHONA BARK. This last is largely cultivated as a 

 source of cinchonidine, and from it the cheap febrifuge 

 made in India is prepared.* All of these are trees 



* ' Pharmacographia,' pp. 302-31, where a bibliography is 

 given ; ' Fliickiger, F. A., and Power, F. B., ' The Cinchona 

 Barks,' 1884. Bentley and Trimen, ii., pi. 140-143. 



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