138 THE USES OF PLANTS. 



OIL OF CLOVES, distilled to the extent of 1 6 to 1 8 

 per cent, from CLOVES, Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunb. 

 (see pp. 66 and 94, supra), is extensively used by soap- 

 makers and perfumers. 



Sufficient reference has already been made to the 

 volatile oil of DAMIANA (p. 95, supra}, in the order 

 TURNERACE^E, and to those of CARAWAY, FENNEL, 

 DILL, CORIANDER, and CUMIN (pp. 96, 97), among 

 the UMBELLIFER^E. 



COMPOSITE. 



Liatris odoratissima, Willd., DEER'S TONGUE, or 

 WILD VANILLA, has leaves used in perfumery in 

 North America.* 



Guizotia abyssinica, Cass., NIGER or RAMTIL 

 seeds, came into the English market about 1851. It 

 is a native of Tropical Africa, but is cultivated in 

 India and Germany. It is used in Europe for soap 

 and lubricating oil.f 



Helianthus annuus, L., the SUNFLOWER, contains in 

 its fruits a valuable oil, equal to Nut or Olive Oils, 

 which is considerably used in Russia, and those of Car- 

 thamus tinctorius, L., SAFFLOWER, yield the KOOSUM 

 OIL of India, and are used in soap-making. 



ERICACEAE. 



Gaultheria procumbens, L., of North-west America, 

 contains in its leaves the volatile OIL OF WiNTER- 

 GREEN. 



* Bentley, ' Pharm. Journ.,' v (1874-5), PP- 4 8 9, 793- 

 t ' Encyclop. Brit.,' vol. xvii, p. 746, sub voce ' Oils,' by 

 J. Paton. 



