DYES AND TANNING MATERIALS. 163 



been already referred to (p. 63, supra) as employed in 

 curry-powder, and no longer used as a dye. 



SAFFLOWER, the dried inflorescences of the Com- 

 posite Carthamus tinctorius, L., cultivated in China, 

 India and Southern Europe, is largely consumed in 

 the manufacture of rouge. 



SAFFRON, the stigmas of Crocus sativus, L., already 

 mentioned, not yielding a permanent yellow, is now 

 but little used as a dye. 



YELLOW, or PERSIAN BERRIES, the unripe fruits of 

 the South European Rhamnus infectorius, L,, are im- 

 ported mainly from Smyrna, to the extent of about 

 450 tons annually. The inferior French ones are 

 known as AVIGNON BERRIES. 



ORCHELLA WEED consists of several species of the 

 lichen Roccella ; R. tinctoria, DC., collected in South 

 America, Morocco, the Canary, Cape Verd, Azores, 

 Madeira and Sardinian islands, R. fuciformis, Ach., 

 collected in Madagascar, Angola, Madeira, and South 

 America, and other species. The red or blue liquid 

 ammoniacal extracts are known as ORCHIL or 

 ARCHIL, the dry powder as CUDBEAR, and the alka- 

 line solid preparation, made chiefly in Holland, as 

 LITMUS. The latter is well known as a test for acids 

 and alkalies.* 



ARNATTO, the red pulp which covers the seeds of 

 the South American Bixa Orellaiia, L., is used as an 

 orange or yellow dye for silks, and for staining Dutch 

 cheese. 



ALKANET ROOT, Ankanna tinctoria, Tausch., cul- 

 tivated chiefly in Southern Europe, and imported on 



* Bentley ard Trimen, iv, p 1 . 301. 



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