130 . APPENDIX. 



"Fifth— -Long canes for bearingr, which agrees exactly with the 

 nature of nearly all our American species far better than short 

 spurs. 



''Sixth— Ease of laying down in winter. The vine being 

 pruned and not tied, standing away from posts, can be bent down 

 to one side between the rows and earth thrown upon ib, and can be 

 raised and tied in position. 



''Seventh— Cheapness of construction and ease of removing 

 trellis material and using it again. 



"Eighth— Durability of both trellis and vineyard." 



The Grape Phylloxera, or root louse, is an American insect 

 that is frequently found on the roots or leaves of American vines. 

 On the roots its presence results in the iorm.ation of swellings or 

 knotty excresences. It occasionally appears on the leaves of some 

 species that have thin leaves, such as those of the Riparia class, 

 where it forms many galls on the under side. This leaf form, 

 however, is not necessary for the propagation of the species. It is 

 spread by winged forms that occur on the roots or leaves, and may 

 travel through or over the land for considerable distances. On 

 the American vines its presence does not necessarily cause their 

 death or seriously check their growth ; but European vines suc- 

 cumb very quickly to its attacks, and it has been the principal 

 cause why the European grapes could not be successfully groAvn in 

 this country. The importation of this insect into Europe, and its 

 spread there, threatened to destroy the vine industry of many sec- 

 tions. The danger from this source has, however, been largely 

 overcome by grafting the European kinds on native American 

 species, for which purpose the V. ripavia (our River Bank grape) 

 is preferred. Immense quantities of wood of this species have 

 been sent to Europe for this purpose. The phylloxera is a native 

 of America east of the Rocky Mountains, but it has been intro- 

 duced into California, and foresighted growers there are practic- 

 ing grafting to get their vines on Y. riparui roots. 



The Grape Vine Leaf Hopper is one of the most trouble- 

 some insects the grape grower has to deal with. It is a small, 

 gray insect that moves very rapidly. Where they are abundant, a 

 slight rustling of the leaves on a warm, dry daj^ will cause them to 

 start in clouds. They suck the juice of the leaves, generally col- 

 lecting on the underside, and cause them to appear yellowish or 

 rusty, and when very numerous cause them to dry up. They are 

 especially injurious on varieties having no down on the underside 

 of the leaves, such as the Clinton, Bacchus, and similar kinds. 



Remedies.— The ordinary remedies for sucking insects, such 

 as spraying with kerosene emulsion or tobacco water may some- 

 times be used to advantage, and where there are but few insects 

 may drive them off. But where they are very numerous such 

 remedies have little effect. It may be that the use of water and 

 kerosene in a suitable force-pump will destroj^ them, but this has 

 yet to be determined. But by taking advantage of the fact that the 

 insects are dumpish early in the morning, and may be easily jarred 



