APPENDIX. 135 



Pyriis baccata, the true crab apple, is characterized by 

 smoother and more wiry growth than the apple. Narrower and 

 thinner longer stemmed leaves than the above, that are scarcely 

 woolly. The flower clusters are more open and not woolly. The 

 fruit is set on long, slender, wiry stems. The seed is enclosed in 

 very hard, close-fitting hulls, and the calyx falls off or becomes 

 loose when the fruit is mature. Hybrids between Pynis malm and 

 Pyrus baccata have become very numerous, and as a result of sucli 

 hybridization we have many varieties that embrace more or les.s 

 the qualities of each of these species, some of which bear fruit of 

 considerable size and value, such as Transcendant, Virginia, Min- 

 nesota, and Whitney No. 20. 



For Describing Apples a certain convenient nomenclatui*e 

 has been accepted. It frequently happens that the color, shape 

 and quality of fruits are changed by soil and location. The char- 

 acteristic appearance of the wood and foliage, however, is less 

 liable to change, and in the identification of fruits it is often neces- 

 sary to take it into account as well as the fruit, and a good descrip- 

 tion should include the tree as well as fruit. These terms, as ap- 

 plied to the growth of a tree, are ''strong and vigorous," as the 

 Duchess of Oldenburg; "vigorous and slender," as Anisim; "stout 

 and short jointed," as the Yellow Transparent. 



For the general form of the tree the term "upright spreading" 

 would indicate the Duchess ; "spreading" the Hibernal ; "upright" 

 Whitney No. 20; "round headed" the Anisim. 



In describing the fruit the word "base" means the part of the 

 apple at the stem end; "apex" the portion at the blossom end; 

 "cavity" is the depression around the stem; "basin" the depres- 

 sion around the flower end; "calyx" the co-called flower in the 

 apex of the apple. The general form is referred to as being 

 "round," "oblate," "conical," and "oblong," which terms are illus- 

 trated in Fig. 107. As regards size, apples are said to be small 

 when two and a half inches in diameter, or under ; from two and a 

 half to three and one-half inches they are termed "medium." and 

 above this "large." 



Autuniii Planting. — While it is best, as a rule, to plant trees 

 in the spring, yet it is quite practical to plant in the autumn 

 apples, plums, and most other trees, providing that they are after- 

 wards laid on the ground on the approach of winter and covered 

 with earth and a little mulch. This makes considerable additional 

 labor over spring planting. On the other hand, however, it per- 

 mits of planting in the autumn when the general farm and garden 

 work is not as pressing as in the spring. It really amounts to the 

 "heeling in" of each tree separately. In the spring the trees 

 should be uncovered and straightened up before growth starts, 

 and they are then all ready to go on and grow. 



Additional Varieties.— Chaklamoff.— There are two varie- 

 ties sent out under this name. One of these so closely resembles 



