51 



considerably in form, have been adopted by different countries or sections of the same 

 country, generally in consequence of peculiar circumstances, the consideration of 

 which would at present only tend to embarrassment, which we strive to avoid. 



Plate No. 49. 



In Plate No. 49 we have the arms completed, and the vine pruned ready to produce 

 two shoots to each spur. While the vines are young, it is well when only one shoot 

 is desired to prune as if for two, for the bud next to the cut is not unfrequently dam- 

 aged by the drying of the wood too near it, and sometimes destroyed. In older vines 

 the wood becomes so compact that this does not take place. 



These are supposed to be about three feet each in length. For the Thomery plan 

 they are generally about four feet in length, and one year more of time will be 

 required to produce them. They may, it is true, be produced at once from a vine 

 tlaat has made canes of eight feet or upwards each, by cutting each cane at four feet 

 or a little less, but in that case the bearing canes near the center will soon become 

 unhealthy and fail. The tendency of growth is from the center toward the ends of 

 the arms, and the consequent damage can only be avoided when making long arms 

 by successive stages, as recommended. 



We have more particularly described the formation of long arms and the import- 

 ance of the successive stages, because they perform an important office in several sys- 

 tems of garden training, and especially in training upon houses in cities and villages, 

 which in this country has received but little attention, because few know with what 

 facility the southern and eastern sides of their houses and buildings may be covered 

 with the most beautiful of all vines while its foliage lasts, and that under such circum- 

 stances not only is the frnit unfailingly produced in surprising quantity, but its time 

 of maturity is also so greatly hastened that few will be willing to make their residence 

 in a climate so severe as not to permit the perfect ripening of eai'ly kinds of grapes on 

 the south side of their houses. The improvement in quality, too, is worthy of con- 

 sideration as well as their safety from depredation, which is sometimes a discourage- 

 ment that prevents planting. 



Plate No, 20 is a very good representation of the living vine fully established in 

 bearing, and may rank as one of the best for vineyard or open garden. Two prime 

 requisites are simplicity and efficienc}^, by which both ground and open sky may be 

 fully occupied, and all the parts easily kept in just balance of proportion. It is 

 equally applicable to permanence and renewal, but for the latter it is unequaled both 

 for the crops that may be afforded in consequence of the little loss incurred by grow- 

 ing the preparatory cane for replacement, and for the facility with which any loss of 

 parts may be supplied without deprivation of crop. The ordinary plans of renewal 

 not only require more knowledge of the management of the vine than ordinary cul- 

 tivators can very readily acquire ; but under the best of management require that a 

 large portion of its bearing ability of the current season shall be given up in prepar- 

 ation for the coming season, at the same time causing derangement in the balance of 

 the different parts. The permanent method is represented in the plan before us as 

 may be understood from bearing the canes, some of which are double, and all spring 

 from spurs, while from the renewal plan all must spring directly from the arm by the 

 shooting of its buds which is renewed every season. 



The combinations of stake and wire trellis for the vineyard, in simplicity, economy, 

 and efficiency, leave little for improvement to expect. A sj^stem of shelter for un- 

 favorable climates, (and in fact for all climates,) lias been recommended, (for account 

 of which see Plate ISTo. 84.) To avoid confusion, only the upper and lower portion 

 of the stakes are shown, and a small portion of the upper wire. Another wire should 

 be drawn along, about eight inches above the arms, to save the young shoots from be- 

 ing blown off by fierce spring winds. At the right may be seen a vine in full bear- 



