NINTH ANNUAL MEETING. 63 



Insects With Sucking Mouth Farts. — There is a class of 

 insects which cannot be destroyed by arsenical poisons. I 

 refer to those which have sucking mouth parts. Such 

 insects are fought by using insecticides, such as whale oil 

 soap, kerosene emulsion, etc., which kill them on coming in 

 contact with their bodies. The San Jose scale is an insect 

 of this class which is just now attracting much attention. 

 Instances are reported in which apple trees have been 

 killed by this insect. It is difficult to kill it with whale oil 

 soap at the strength ordinarily used against insects of this 

 class. Its spread may be restricted by summer treatment 

 but it must be fought principally by using winter treat- 

 ments, which must be made very thoroughly. The intro- 

 duction and increase of seriously destructive insect pests, 

 such as the San Jose scale, must tend eventually to force 

 commercial fruit culture into the hands of those who make 

 fruit growing a specialty. I believe that from now on the 

 fighting of such insects as this intelligently and thoroughly 

 must be one of the essentials to success in apple culture. 

 Those who are not ready to do this had better not plant 

 apple orchards. 



In considering, as we have done, some of the phases of 

 the subject before us, it becomes evident that the New 

 Apple Culture contains much after all that is not new. Its 

 leading characteristics stated in brief are : 



First. Thorough tillage for the average soil. 



Second. Judicious use of cover crops. 



Third. The use of stable manure and commercial fertili- 

 zers according to the evident needs of each particular loca- 

 tion. 



Fourth. Keeping the foliage in good working order. 

 Incidentally, this requires a proper exposure of the foliage 

 to light and air by means of correct planting and training; 

 also the protection of the foliage from disease and injurious 

 insects and a plentiful supply of available plant food. 



Fifth. In training the tree, having regard not only for 

 the proper exposure of the foliage to light and air, but also 

 for facilitating the treatment of diseases and insects. 



Sixth. Keeping the bark unbroken and as free as pos- 

 sible from wounds. 



