10 Dr. Encjelmann. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Classification. 



the berries ma}' be larger or smaller, of dif- 

 ferent color and consistency, and contain 

 fewer or more seeds (never more than four), 

 but the seeds, though to some extent varia- 

 ble, especially on account of their number* 

 and mutual pressure, where more than one is 

 present, exhibit some reliable differences. 

 The big top of the seed is convex or rounded, 

 or it is more or less deeply notched. The 

 thin lower end of the seed, the beak, is short 

 and abrupt, or it is more or less elongated. 

 On the inner (ventral) side are two shallow, 

 longitudinal irregular depressions. Between 

 them is a ridge, slight where there are one or 

 two seeds, or sharper where the seeds are in 

 threes or fours ; along this ridge the raphe 

 (the attached funiculus or cord) runs from 

 the hihun, at the beak, over the top of the 

 seed, and ends on its back in an elongated, 

 oval or circular well-marked spot, called by 

 botanists ehalaza. This raphe is on that ridge 

 represented by a slender thread, which on 

 the top and back of the seed is entirely indis- 

 tinct, or scarcely perceptible, or it is more or 

 less prominent, like a thread or a cord. In 

 our American species tliese characters seem 

 pretty reliable, but in the varieties of the Old 

 World Grape-vine (^Vin(fera)^ several thou- 

 sands of years removed from their native 

 sources, the form of the seed has also under- 

 gone important modifications, and can no 

 longer be considered so safe a guide as in 

 our species. 



But different as these seeds are among 

 themselves they have a character in common, 

 which distinguishes them from all our Ameri- 

 can Grape seeds ; their l)eak is narrower and 

 usually longer, and their large ehalaza (the 

 area on the back of the seed) occupies the 

 upper half and not the centre of the seed ; in 

 the American species the beak is shorter and 

 more abrupt ; the ehalaza, usualW smaller, 

 and often not circular, biit narrower, is placed 

 in the centre of the back. Any one who 

 wishes to satisfy himself of this need only 

 compare a raisin seed with an^^ of our grape 

 seeds, if the following cuts are not plain 

 enough. 



The size and weight of the seeds vary 

 greatly in the different species ; thus La- 

 brnsea and Caiidicaini have the largest, Cin- 

 erea and Riparia the smallest seeds ; but 

 even in the wild state we find variation, e. g., 

 in jEstivaJis, still more in GordtfoUa. and 

 most in Riparia. In Vinifera, the European 

 grape, however, the variations are much 

 greater, greater even sometimes than our 



*A siiif^le seed is always thicker, plumper, more 

 rounded; two seeds are flattened on the inner, rounded 

 on the outer side; three or more seeds are more slender 

 and angular; these different variations may often be 

 found in berries of the same bunch. 



figures show. Some have laid stress on the 

 color of the seeds, which varies between 

 brown and j-ellowish, but that seems to me 

 to go too far for our purposes. 



The cuts of 33 Grape seeds, here repre- 

 sented, illustrate the different characters 

 which have been mentioned above. The fig- 

 ures are magnified four times (four diam- 

 eters), accompanied b}'^ an outhne of natural 

 size. They all represent the back of the seed. 



Figs. 1 and 2, Vitis Labrusca, seeds of wild plants ; 

 Fig. 1 from the District of Columbia, and Fig. 2 

 from the mountains of East Tennessee. The 

 seeds of the cultivated varieties do not differ from 

 these ; they are all large, notched on top : chahtza 

 generally depressed and no raphe is visible in the 

 groove which extends from the ehalaza to the 

 notch. 



Figs. 3 to 5 represent seeds of cultivated forms, 

 which all show evident signs of hybridity and ac- 

 knowledge the parentage of Lahrusca bj'' the form 

 and size of the seed as well as by the irregular 

 arrangement of the tendrils. Fig. 3 is the seed of 

 the Taylor Grape, which stands near Riparia. 

 Fig. 4 is the seed of the Clinton, which has, per- 

 haps, the same parents. Fig. 5, seed of the Deki- 

 loare Grape, which possibly may be a hybrid of 

 Labrusca with Vinifera. 



Figs. 6 to 8, Vitis Candicans; seed similar to 

 those of Labrnsca, but broader, generally with a 

 shorter beak, and less distinctly notched. Figs. 

 6 and 7 are from Texas, the latter broader and 

 with a broader beak ; Fig. 8 comes from South 

 Florida, and is still broader and shorter. 



Fig. y, Vitis Cariba'a. similar to the last, but 

 smaller; seeds short and thick, and deeply notched. 



Figr. 10 and 11, Mtis CaUfurnica, seeds often 

 smaller, scarcely or not at all notched, raphe in- 

 distinct or quite invisible; ehalaza narrow and 

 long. Fig. 10 represents a single seed (one only 

 in a berry) from near San P'rancisco; Fig. 11 is 

 one of four seeds from San Bernardino, in Southern 

 California. 



Fig. 12, Vitis Monticola; seed very similar to 

 those of the last species, thick, notched, without 

 a distinct raphe, and with a long and narrow 

 ehalaza. 



Figs. 13 and 14, Frtts Arizonica, from the Santa 

 Rita Mountains; seeds small, slightly notched, 

 with a more or less distinct but flat raphe. 



Figs. 15 to 17, Vitis uEstivalis; seeds rather larger, 

 cord-lide raphe and more or less circular ehalaza 

 strongly developed; all the seeds are from wild 

 grapes gathered about St. Louis ; the seeds of the 

 cultivated forms, Northern and Southern, are 

 similar. Figs. 15 and 16 are from berries with 

 only one or two seeds; Fig. 17 is narrower, and 

 from a larger four-seeded berrv. 



Fig. lS,Vitis Cinerea, a seed similar to the last, 

 with the same strong raphe, but smaller in size, 

 and often single. 



Figs. 19 and 20, Vitis Cordifolia; seeds also sim- 

 ilar to the two last, but raphe not quite so prom- 

 inent, mostly single or in twos, rarely more in a 

 berry; Fig. 19 comes from a larger berry, with 

 more seeds, found near St. Louis; Fig. 20 is a 

 single seed, from the District of Columbia. 



Fig. '2\,Vitis PaJmata; seed large, almost globose, 

 with a very short beak, a narrow ehalaza, no raphe 

 visible, top slightly depressed. 



Figs. 22 to 25, Vitis Riparia; seeds similar to the 

 last, but smaller, though quite variable in size. 



