Dr. Engelmann. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



B. T. Galloway. 53 



been attempted, and by different means, 

 especiallj' by sulphur-sprinkling, but without 

 any marked effect. A dry spell of weather, 

 however, arrests it most effectually for the 

 time being. 



"The Peronospora has since 1878 made its 

 appearance in Europe — like the Phj'lloxera, 

 accidentally introduced from this country — 

 and has added another terrible infliction on 

 the wine-growers there, threatening to be 

 worse than the Oidium, which years ago used 

 to decimate the grape croi)s of Europe 



•'A few words about this O'ldium may be in 

 place iiere. This is a mildew-like fungus 

 which appears on the outside of the upper sur- 

 face of the vine leaves, and bears its fewer 

 spores on smaller, not much branched stem- 

 lets. It destroj^s the vitality of the leaves, and 

 with it the crop, just as our mildew does. Its 

 resting spores are unknown and with its life 

 history- we are not so well acquainted, but we 

 know that sulphur sprinkled over the leaves 

 will destro}^ it. It made its first appearance, 

 as far as it is known, about 1845, in graperies 

 at Margate, near London, and spread rapidly 

 and destructively over a great part of Europe 

 and the islands, especially Madeira, where 

 grape culture was almost annihilated by it ; 

 but it seems now to be less common or less 

 injurious than it was years ago, and may pos- 

 sibly have run its course, just as other epi- 

 demics are apt to do. It is unknown where 

 it originally came from ; some suppose that it 

 originated in America, but it has never ap- 

 peared here in the form under which it is 

 known in Europe; whether in another form, 

 is still questionable among our best mycolo- 

 gists. At all events we have thus far only one 

 destructive form of mildew here, the Pero- 

 nospora. 



"The second great fungus pest of our vine- 

 yards is the black rot {Phoma uvkola). On 

 the berries, but never on the leaves or stems, 

 generally about the time that they are full 

 grown, in July or August, very rarely on 

 half-grown berries in June, a light brown spot 

 with a darker central point is observed on the 

 side and not near the stem. This spot spreads, 

 and darker, shining nodules or pustules, 

 plainly visible with the naked eye, begin to 

 protrude above the epidermis ; at last the 

 whole berry shrivels up, turns bluish-black, 

 the pustules roughen the surface, and each 

 one opening at its top emits a whitish, worm- 

 like thread, which consists of innumerable 

 spores glued together with a mucilaginous 

 coating. In this condition the spores are in- 

 ert, but rain will dissolve the nuicilage and 

 liberate and wash down the spores, or they 

 will fall to the ground with the dead berries. 

 What then becomes of them, whether they 



enter the soil, or how they propagate the 

 fungus, is as yet unknown. At all events it 

 seems advisable to gather all the affected 

 berries, if such a thing can be done, and de- 

 stroy tliem. 



"In Europe they have another fungous dis- 

 ease of the grape, called in Germany J3re?iv;er, 

 in France anthracnose, and described under 

 the name of S2>liacdoma ampelinum, which 

 by some authorities has been supposed to be 

 another form of development of our black 

 rot, above described. The former attacks 

 all the green parts, leaves, young stems, and 

 green berries, and forms open wounds, which 

 might be compared to ulcers ; while our 

 Phoma is restricted, as far as known, onlj^ to 

 green berries, without breaking up the tissues 

 or forming ulcers. The Sphaceloma seems 

 to be an old disease in Europe, already 

 known in the last century'. Mycologists are 

 now carefully studying these questions." 



Fungous Diseases of the Grape and their 

 Treatment. 



BY B. T. GALLOWAY. 



Since the last edition of this catalogue won- 

 derful progress has been made in the study 

 of the fungous diseases of plants, especially 

 those affecting the grape. Black rot, the 

 scourge which at one time threatened the vine 

 industry of this country, need no longer be 

 feared, nor is there any cause for appre- 

 hension on account of the Peronospora, or 

 downy mildew, as it is now one of the easiest 

 diseases to control. 



The object of this paper is to bring together 

 briefl}^, plainly, and practically the latest in- 

 formation in regard to the more destructive 

 diseases affecting the vine in this country, 

 especially such facts on ti-eatment as have 

 been brought out by the recent investigations 

 and experiments. 



THE destructive FUNGOUS DISEASES AFFECTING 

 THE VINE. 



Several hundred species of fungi, or micro- 

 scopic plants, are known to attack the grape, 

 but fortunately only four of these cause se- 

 rious diseases in the United States. The dis- 

 eases in question are black rot, down}' mildew 

 or brown rot, powdery mildew, and anthrac- 

 nose. The foregoing will be briefl}^ described 

 in such a way that it is hoped grape growers 

 may be able to distinguish them, and therebj!- 

 be better qualified to adopt the preventive 

 measures suggested. 



Black rot.* — The disease which for forty 

 years or more has been known by the fore- 

 going name, occurs in nearly all parts of the 



* Guignardia bidwellii (Ell.) V. & R. 



