CnAP. XI. OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH. 345 



On the Himalaya, and on the isolated mountain-ranges of 

 the Peninsula of India, on the heights of Cejlon, and on the 

 volcanic cones of Java, many plants occur, cither identicall}' the 

 same or representing each other, and at the same time repre- 

 senting plants of Europe, not found in the intervening hot low- 

 lands. A list of the genera of plants collected on the loftier 

 peaks of Java raises a picture of a collection made on a hillock 

 in Europe ! Still more striking is the fact that pecidiar south- 

 ern Australian forms are represented by certain j)lants grow- 

 ing on the summits of the mountains of Borneo. Some of these 

 Australian forms, as I hear from Dr. Hooker, extend along the 

 heights of the peninsula of Malacca, and are thinly scattered on 

 the one hand over India, and on the other hand as far nortli as 

 Japan. 



On the southern mountains of Australia, Dr. F. Muller has 

 discovered several European species ; other species, not intro- 

 duced by man, occur on the lowlands; and a long list can be 

 given, as I am informed by Dr. Hooker, of European genera, 

 found in Australia, but not in the intermediate torrid regions. 

 In the admirable " Introduction to the Flora of New Zealand," 

 by Dr. Hooker, analogous and strilving facts are given in re- 

 gard to the ])lants of that large island. Hence we see that 

 certain plants growing on the more lofty mountains of the 

 tropics in all parts of the world, and on the temperate plains of 

 the north and south, are either the same identical species or 

 varieties of the same species. It should, however, be observed 

 that these plants are not strictly Arctic forms ; for, as Mr. H. 

 V. Watson has remarked, " in receding from polar toward 

 equatorial latitudes, the Alpine or mountain floras really be- 

 come less and less Arctic." Besides these identical and closely- 

 allied forms, many species inhabiting the same widely-sundered 

 areas behjng to genera not now found in the intermediate trop- 

 ical lowlands. 



These brief remarks a]iply to plants alone ; but some few 

 analogous facts could be givi'U in regard to terrestrial animals. 

 In marine productions, similar cases likewise occur; as an ex- 

 ample, I may quote a statement by the highest authority, Prof. 

 Dana, that ''it is certainly a wonderful fact that New Zealand 

 should have a closer reseml)lanc«; in its Crustacea to Great 

 Ijiitain, its anlijiode, than to anv otiier part of the world." 

 Sir J. Kiclianlson, also, speaks of the reappearance on the 

 shores of New Zealand, Tasnianiii, etc., of northern forms of 

 fish. Dr. Hooker informs me that twenty-five species of Algaj 



